IX THE HISTORY AND SCOPE OF ZOOLOGY 331 



structure was essentially a morphological one, and so 

 was the single-scale doctrine of Buflfon and Lamarck, 

 to which it was opposed. Cuvier's morphological 

 doctrine received its fullest development in the 

 principle of the ^' correlation of parts," which he ap- 

 plied to palseontological investigation, namely, that 

 every animal is a definite whole, and that no part can 

 be varied without entailing correlated and law-abiding 

 variations in other parts, so that from a fragment it 

 should be possible, had we a full knowledge of the 

 laws of animal structure or Morphology, to reconstruct 

 the whole. Here Cuvier was imperfectly formulating, 

 without recognising the real physical basis of the 

 phenomena, the results of the laws of heredity and 

 variation, which were subsequently investigated and 

 brought to bear on the problems of animal structure 

 by Darwin. 



Eichard Owen ^ may be regarded as the foremost 

 of Cuvier's disciples. Owen not only occupied him- 

 self with the dissection of rare animals, such as the 

 Pearly Nautilus, Lingula, Limulus, Protopterus, 

 Apteryx, etc., and with the description and recon- 

 struction of extinct Eeptiles, Birds, and Mammals, — 

 following the Cuvierian tradition, — but gave precision 

 and currency to the morphological doctrines which 

 had taken their rise in the beginning of the century 

 by the introduction of two terms, "Homology" and 

 "Analogy," which were defined so as to express two 



1 Born in 1804 in Lancaster; conservator of the Hunterian 

 Museum, London, 1830-1856 ; superintendent Nat. Hist. Brit. Mus. 

 1856-1884. 



