IX THE HISTORY AND SCOPE OF ZOOLOGY 353 



produced a great mass of knowledge through the 

 labours of E. Forbes, Gwyn-Jeffreys, Sars, Quatre- 

 fages, Norman, and others. The post-Darwinian 

 developments of this line of inquiry have been two. 

 In the first place, dredging and trawling have been 

 extended by the aid of steamships of the Norwegian, 

 British, American, French, and Italian navies into 

 greater depths than were previously supposed to con- 

 tain living things. New species and genera, and a 

 vast extension of knowledge as to distribution, have 

 been the outcome of these expeditions, connected with 

 the names of G. 0. Sars and Daniellsen in Norway, of 

 Alex. Agassiz in America, and of Carpenter and 

 Wyville Thomson in Great Britain. It is worthy of 

 note that the practical demand for sounding the 

 Atlantic in connection with the laying of the first 

 deep-sea telegraph-cable is what led to these explora- 

 tions, the first recognition of life at these great depths 

 in the ocean being due to Dr. Wallich, who accom- 

 panied a sounding expedition in 1860 to the North 

 Atlantic, and to Professor Fleeming Jenkin, who in the 

 same year acted as engineer in raising the submarine 

 cable between Sardinia and Africa, upon which living 

 corals were found. In the second place, the study of 

 marine Zoology has, since the publication of the Origin 

 of Species, been found to require more complete 

 arrangements in the form of laboratories and aquaria 

 than the isolated vacation student could bring with 

 him to the seaside. Seaside laboratories have come 

 into existence : the first was founded in France by 

 Coste (1859) at Concarneau (Brittany), again with a 



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