IX THE HISTOEY AND SCOPE OF ZOOLOGY 3G9 



and by August Weismann (memoirs translated by 

 Meldola). Here and there observations are from time 

 to time published, but no large progress has yet been 

 made, probably on account of the fact that animals 

 are exceedingly difficult to keep under observation, 

 and that there is no provision in universities and like 

 institutions for the pursuit of these inquiries, or even 

 for their academic representation. More has been 

 done with plants than with animals in this way since 

 Darwin, probably owing to the same cause which has, 

 ever since the revival of learning, given Botany a real 

 advantage over Zoology, namely, the existence of 

 " physick " gardens, now become " botanical " gardens, 

 and the greater ease of management, experiment, and 

 observation in the case of plants than in that of 

 animals. It is true that zoological gardens have 

 existed for the last fifty years in all large European 

 cities, but these have always been conducted with a 

 view to popular exhibition ; and, even whe^ scientific 

 influences have been brought to bear on their manage- 

 ment, they have been those of the morphographer and 

 systematist rather than of the bionomist. Moreover, 

 zoological gardens have never been part of the equip- 

 ment of the university professor of Zoology, as it may 

 be hoped in future will be the case. The foundation 

 of marine biological laboratories under the control of 

 scientific zoologists offers a prospect of true bionomic 

 observation and experiment on an increased scale in 

 the near future, and, were such laboratories founded 

 in our universities and provided with the necessary 

 appliances for keeping terrestrial and freshwater 



2 B 



