INDEX 



255 



rate probably very uniform, 99; 

 causes favouring or hindering, 32 ; 

 due to youth, 89, 92; into virgin 

 areas, 12, 14, 15, 19-21; niainlv 

 by land, 21, 182, 245; mainly 

 conditioned by barriers, 48; 

 mechanical, 21," 22, 3G, 61, 229; 

 methods, 12-22; of introductions, 

 24-27; of unrelated forms, 30; 

 oldest types at edge of, 218; 

 present, the maximum possible, 

 11, 197, 229, 230; rapid, 11, 19, 

 20, 26, 94, 229; rapid, not neces- 

 sary, 33; reached possible limit, 

 11, 27, 229; regular and irregular, 

 12; slow, 20, 30,33-52; to short 

 distance only, 14, 20, 32, 35; 

 withoutalteration of conditions, 25 

 Distribution, 101, 228; a closed 

 chapter, 11, 27, 230; determined 

 largely by time, 179; discontin- 

 uous, 11; general, 228; largelv 

 mechanical, 6, 61, 191, 203, 200, 

 214, 229; due to interaction of 

 many factors, 1, 2, 5, 85, 87; 

 limited, 3, 4; of endemics, 54, 58, 

 163, 166; of rainfall and moisture, 

 43-4; of wides greater than of 

 endemics, 60; to what due, 1,5; 

 vital factors in, 2. And cf. Dis- 

 persal, Endemics, Species, and 

 the various coimtries 

 Ditypes, 185 



Doona in Ceylon, 94, 152, 161 

 Drosopfnhi, mutation in, 224 

 Dving out, 1 , 4, 10, 58, 81, 88, 89. 90, 

 "91, 93, 142, 144, 148, 165, 180. 

 192-3, 229-34. And cf. Inter- 

 mediates, Killing out. Relics, etc. 



Early species gain upon later, 34 

 jBberrwfl/crrt, distribution in India, 163 

 Ecologv, 20; ecological barriers or 

 aids "to spread, 46, 99, 100; re- 

 sults, and Age and Area, 98 

 Effects of barriers, 12, 13, and 



Chap. V 

 Elodea, dispersal, and spread, 17, 26, 



27, 51 

 Endemic genera, 169; areas oc- 

 cupied, 170; as local adaptations, 

 57-8, 87, 166, 179; as relics, 166, 

 179, 182: as young beginners, 166, 

 179, 183; belong chieily to larger 

 families, 182; distribution of, 169; 

 explanations of, 179: of contin- 

 ents, 177-8; of islands, 17.5-83; 

 number increases with various 

 factors, 169; and with increasing 

 area, 169; phenomena paralleled 

 by genera of larger area, 176; 



with small areas, 171. And cf. 

 Endemic species. Evolution, and 

 the various countries 



Endemic species, areas occupied, 

 150; as local adaptations, 54, 87, 

 160, 186; as relics, 58, 81, 88, 93, 

 141, 148, 166, 186; as young be- 

 ginners, 16.'>-7; belong chiefly to 

 large genera, 91, 105; commoner 

 in the south, etc., 218; descended 

 from wides, 61, 74, 77, 86, 153, 

 221, 239, 240; explanations, 218; 

 families and genera to which be- 

 long, 164; increase to southwards, 

 etc., 149; localities in which occur, 

 149; of Bahamas. 64; Ceylon, 54; 

 Galapagos, 150; Hawaiian Islands, 

 150, 164 (including of endemic and 

 non-endemic genera, 163), India, 

 164; mountain tops, 54, 55, 58; 

 New York, 64; New Zealand, 

 or New Zealand and outlving 

 islands, 64, 66-74, 164: North 

 America, 86; resemblance to non- 

 endemics, 161 ; relation to wides, 

 61-, 77, 86, 198: their distribution 

 a special case, 163; tyi)es of dis- 

 tribution same as wides, 161 ; un- 

 related to wides, 86 H.; with 

 maximum numbers at certain 

 spots, 77-8; without differences 

 in conditions, 88; younger than 

 wides, 89, 221. And cf. Age and 

 Area, Dispersal, Distril)ution, 

 Local adaptation, Relics. Species 



Endemism, 17, 54, 148, 106; a sign 

 of age, 84; and distribution, 

 (species) 148, (genera) 169: and 

 isolation, 148-9: especially to the 

 southwards, 149, 170; explana- 

 tions of, 166: on continents. 149: 

 on mountains. 149. 1.50. .And cf. 

 above, and Killing out. Local 

 adaptation. Relics, Wides, etc. 



Epilobium, distribution in New 

 Zealand, 155 



Eugenia, in Brazil, 157, 165; in 

 Cevlon. 58, 115, 157, 165 



Eupatorieae, 126. 127, 134, 136 



Europe, endemics of, 149. And cf. 

 Britain, Italy 



Europeans in the Tropics, locations 

 .)f, 24 



Euryale, formerly of great extension, 

 141 



Evolution, bv infinitesimal varia- 

 tion, 2, 10. 207, 213; by differen- 

 tiation, cf. Differentiation: by 

 mutation, cf. Mutation : guided by 

 advantage or natural selection, 

 189, 212, 214, 215: mechanical, 



