256 



INDEX 



203, 205-6, 211, 214; predeter- 

 mined, 215; theory, 204; tree of, 

 surviving to present time, 221 ; 

 type of, 101; without adaptation, 

 57,58,224-6. And cf. Adaptation, 

 Natural selection, etc. 

 Exacum, distribution in India, 163 

 Exceptions to Age and Area, 67, 68, 



84; exceptional species, 245 

 Expectation of life, 5 

 Explosions, dispersal by, 16 

 Extermination, 140, 238; regional, 

 140; specific, 142. Cf. Killing out 

 and Dying out 

 Extinction of species, 142-4. Cf. 

 Killing out and Dying out 



Factors in dispersal, etc. Cf. 



Causes, Dispersal, etc. 

 Families to which endemics belong, 



182; sizes of, in hollow curves, 



186. And cf. Genera 

 Faunas, local, 203 

 Festuca on different types of soil 38 ; 



on the downs, 51 

 Fixity of vegetation at a given spot, 



20 

 Fleshy fruits, 13 

 Floral regions, 243 

 Floras. Cf. under countries, etc.; 



due to land connections, 182, 245 

 Fluctuating variation, 207, 211,213, 



222 

 Foreign species, introduction and 



spread of, 24 

 Forest, 42, 47, 51 

 Fossil areas, 243 



Galapagos, endemics of, 150 

 Gardiner, J. Stanley, 14, 200, 202 

 Genera, as local adaptations, 189; 

 as relics, 189; ditypic, etc., 185; 

 endemic, 109; form more species 

 with increasing area, 117; formed 

 in a casual way, 234; grouped by 

 number of species, 186; largest in 

 largest families, 187; monotypic, 

 185; number of species in, related 

 to variety of conditions, 115; of 

 endemics only, 95, 18, 155; of few 

 species usually relics (?), 229; of 

 one or more species, 185; of Old 

 and New Worlds, 21 ; on both 

 sides of a barrier, 39; percentage 

 confined to various areas, 189, 

 190; possible size increasing with 

 increasing area, 178; sizes of, in 

 hollow curves. 174, 178, 186 

 Geographical distribution. Cf. Dis- 

 tribution, Limiting factor, Pro- 

 gress 



Geological changes, 1, 52, and 



Chap. XIV 

 Glacial period, 2, 172 ^?., 199 

 Gnaphalieae, 126, 128, 134, 135 

 Goats, effect of, upon vegetation, 26 

 Graduation, of areas of endemics 



and wides, 00, 61 ; of areas of 



genera from small to large, 170; 



of areas of species from small to 



large, 58 

 Gramineae of Australia, 64 

 Great Britain. Cf. Britain 

 Guunera, distribution of, in New 



Zealand, 155 

 Guppy, H. B., 17, 49, 95, 101, 117, 



130; his theory of differentiation, 



18, 103, 221, 228, 240 

 Gymnema, distribution of, 159 



Haastia, distribution in New Zea- 

 land, 153 



Habit, types of, effects upon dis- 

 persal, 49 



Hakgala (Ceylon), 151 



Hawaiian Islands, age and area in, 

 64; Cyanea in, 161; Cyrtandra in, 

 160; endemics of, 150, 163, 164, 

 170; endemics of endemic and 

 non-endemie genera compared, 

 163; genera above average world 

 size, 164; Pelea in, 161. And cf. 

 Waialeale 



Helenieae, 126. 131, 184, 136 



Heliantheae, 128, 134, 135 



Hclol)icae, size and space in, 116 



Herbs, shrubs, and trees, 46; her- 

 baceous vegetation and drier 

 climate, 42: advantages of, 48; 

 younger than forest, 46 



llicracia in Britain, distribution of, 

 160 



Hindrances to dispersal, 32-53; to 

 progress, 228-9 



Ilinidun-kanda species, 55 



Hollow curves, 155, 161, 163, 166, 

 171, 174, 176, 180, 185, 186, 187, 

 188, 195 (Chapter), 199, 202, 205, 

 211, 214, 229, 235, 236-7, 240 



Hooked truit, 12 



Hooker, Sir J. D., on age and area, 

 4; axioms, 217: on Botanical 

 Geography, 6, 104; on dying out, 

 4; on natural selection, 205; on 

 proportion of mono- to di-coty- 

 ledons, 22; on general perman- 

 ence of species, 207 



Horioiiia in Cevlon, distribution of, 

 159 



Huxley, T. H., 2, 231 



Hydrocotyle, 46; acclimatisation to 

 different climates, 30 



