203] W. B. Clark 5 



quently Professor at Yale, to direct the work. South Caro- 

 lina followed the example of its sister State in 1824 with 

 Lardner Vanuxem in charge; then Massachusetts in 1830 with 

 Edward Hitchcock as State Geologist, the first important 

 Survey, as the Carolina organizations were rather insignificant 

 affairs; then Tennessee in 1831 with Dr. Gerard Troost as 

 Geologist; then Maryland in 1833 with Jules T. Ducatel, a 

 graduate of the Sorbonne, as State Geologist, and J. T. Alex- 

 ander as State Topographical Engineer. Alexander has the 

 credit of attempting the production of the first topographical 

 maps in the country, and although they were very crude they 

 possess much of historical interest. In 1835 the Virginia 

 Survey was inaugurated with W. B. Eogers as Director, the 

 New Jersey Survey with H. D. Eogers in charge, and the Con- 

 necticut Survey with J. G. Percival and Charles U. Sheppard 

 as Geologists. The following year, 1836, saw the inauguration 

 of the important Survey of New York with such men as W. W. 

 Mather, Ebenezer Emmons, Lardner Vanuxem, Thomas A. 

 Conrad, and James Hall as Geologists, and of the Pennsyl- 

 vania Survey which secured H. D. Eogers from New Jersey, 

 and also the surveys of Georgia with John E. Cotting as State 

 Geologist, and of Maine with Charles F. Jackson at the head. 

 Following these come in succession the Surveys of Delaware, 

 Ohio, and Michigan in 1837, Ehode Island in 1839, New 

 Hampshire in 1840, Vermont in 1845, Alabama in 1847, 

 Mississippi in 1850, Illinois in 1851, Wisconsin and Florida 

 in 1853, Iowa in 1855, Arkansas in 1857, Texas in 1858, and 

 California in 1860, so that prior to the Civil War only a few 

 of the then existing States were without official Geological 

 Surveys. The leading men of their time in American geology 

 were in charge of this official work, organized at the public 

 expense. Hitchcock, Emmons, the Eogers brothers, Vanuxem, 

 Conrad, Hall, and the others I have named comprised the 

 chief workers of their day. 



The Federal Government up to this time had done little to 

 subsidize geological research. Some explorations of the west- 



