138 The Department of Plant Physiology [336 



rights run their courses and commercial secrets are sooner or 

 later divulged. As has been remarked above, the two points 

 of view overlap, an individual's -motives are seldom or never 

 exclusively of the one or of the other kind, and they shift 

 from time to time. 



It has seemed desirable to give space to the discussion just 

 presented, on account of the long-standing misapprehension 

 that still exists between the exponents of "pure science" and 

 those of the arts and commercial applications of science. The 

 writer is convinced that all these various human motives for 

 scientific work must exist side by side, even in the same indi- 

 vidual, and that it is for a university department to present 

 all of them to its students. But the outstanding fact seems to 

 be that the work itself should be much the same in all cases, 

 assuming of course, that actual dishonesty is ultimately as bad 

 from the commercial point of view as it is from the altruistic, 

 as bad in practical applications to human physical needs as it 

 is in philosophical applications to what have been called 

 human spiritual needs. 



Training of Physiological Students It should be appre- 

 ciated that physiology articulates intimately both with bio- 

 logical morphology and with the physical sciences. It is 

 obvious enough that the processes and reactions of living 

 things are not to be understood without a certain amount of 

 morphological or anatomical knowledge. Thus, anatomy and 

 histology are, in this way at least, and otherwise to some ex- 

 tent, prerequisite to the study of physiology. 



On the other hand, the changes of matter and energy that 

 go on in living things cannot be seriously studied without a 

 broad and rather detailed knowledge of the principles ac- 

 cording to which such changes occur in dead matter. In this 

 way the field of physiology furnishes opportunity for the 

 application of physics and chemistry in the understanding of 

 life. So important is this consideration that physiology may 

 be defined as the physics and chemistry of living things. This 

 consideration has not been so generally appreciated as seems 

 desirable, and many of the present leaders in physiology have 



