NOTES. 127 



these teeth were well understood by the ancients, 

 as we know from Aristotle, Hist. Anim. 6, 

 22, 12; Varro, Res Rusticae, 2, 7, 2 ; Apsyrtus 

 in the " Geoponics," 16, i, 12. What we now 

 call the " marks " are of course in the permanent 

 teeth ; they are spoken of by Varro, Ibid. 2, 7, 2 ; 

 Columella, 6, 29, 4; Apsyrtus, Ibid. 16, i, 12. 

 Aristotle sets the average age of horses at from 

 eighteen to twenty years; some, he says, live to 

 be twenty- five or thirty ; and with great care a 

 horse may live to be fifty, though thirty is generally 

 the highest limit (Hist. Anim. 6, 22, 8). 



18. (Page 24.) The word here and in chapter 

 seven is ireSr], which properly means " fetter." 

 Godfrey Hermann, in his essay on the words which 

 the Greeks used to denote the gaits of the horse 

 (Comment. Lips. p. 59), has shown that the Volte 

 is meant in these passages. 



19. (Page 24.) He seems to mean that if, for 

 example, the stable lies to the right, the horse will 

 throw his head to the left, and advancing his right 

 shoulder, will make a bolt for it. The left rein 

 being loose and the right side of the mouth hard, 

 the rider will have no control over the animal. 

 But the passage is obscurely worded, and has been 

 variously interpreted. It may mean ^' unless they 

 are hard-mouthed and also are directed towards 

 home." 



