ON THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 1 73 



Lebens," iii, 7 (also in colours, a red-figured 

 vase, in Gerhard's " Auserlesene Vasenbilder," 

 iv, 272). The original, found at Vulci, Italy, is 

 in the Royal Museum of Berlin. The picture 

 shows the muzzle, the use of which is recom- 

 mended by Xenophon whenever a horse is to be 

 led (p. 31). The young man seems to be trying 

 to avoid the difficulties in leading horses which 

 Xenophon mentions (p. 35). He wears the regu- 

 lar cavalry boots (pp. 67 and 163). To the word 

 ErPA<l>SEN, painted in the inscription, is prefixed 

 (on the other side of the vase) the painter's name, 

 Epictetus. On the word KAA02, see p. 169. 

 Another picture, showing the muzzle in more 

 detail, will be found in the " Jahrbuch des 

 deutschen Arch. Instituts," 1889, taf. 10. 



Page 38. A painting on a red-figured vase, 

 somewhat broken, found at Orvieto, now in the 

 Museo Egizio ed Etrusco, Florence ; from the 

 " Drittes HaUisches Winckelmannsprogramm," 

 1879, taf. iii, 2. The moon goddess, Selene, 

 seated on a bridleless horse which is grazing or 

 drinking. This goddess was first represented on 

 horseback, so far as we know, by Phidias on the 

 pedestal of the statue of Olympian Zeus (Pau- 

 sanias, v, 11, 8). Other female divinities thus 

 appearing in ancient art are Artemis, Aurora, and 

 the Roman goddess of horses, Epona. But 

 examples of mortal women on horseback are per- 



