THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM. 21 



I. Pure monism is identical neither with the theo- 

 retical materialism that denies the existence of spirit, 

 and dissolves the world into a heap of dead atoms, 

 nor with the theoretical spiritualism (lately entitled 

 " energetic " spiritualism by Ostwald) which rejects 

 the notion of matter, and considers the world to be 

 a specially-arranged group of " energies," or immaterial 

 natural forces. 



II. On the contrary, we hold, with Goethe, that 

 " matter cannot exist and be operative without spirit, 

 nor spirit without matter." We adhere firmly to the 

 pure, unequivocal monism of Spinoza : Matter, or 

 infinitely-extended substance, and Spirit (or Energy), 

 or sensitive and thinking substance, are the two funda- 

 mental attributes, or principal properties, of the all- 

 embracing divine essence of the world, the universal 

 substance. (Cf. chap, xii.) 



