102 THE RIDDLE OF THE UNIVERSE. 



"philosophic science" by the foundation of com- 

 parative anatomy. 



Scientific interest in the psychic activity of the 

 brute was revived in the second half of the last 

 century, in connection with the advance of systematic 

 zoology and physiology. A strong impulse was given 

 to it by the work of Reimarus : General Observations 

 on the Instincts of Animals (Hamburg, 1760). At 

 the same time a deeper scientific investigation had 

 been facilitated by the thorough reform of physiology 

 by Johannes Miiller. This distinguished biologist, 

 having a comprehensive knowledge of the whole field 

 of organic nature, of morphology and of physiology, 

 introduced the " exact methods " of observation and 

 experiment into the whole province of plrysiology, 

 and, with consummate skill, combined them with 

 the comparative methods. He applied them, not only 

 to mental life in the broader sense (to speech, senses, 

 and brain-action), but to all the other phenomena of 

 life. The sixth book of his Manual of Human 

 Physiology treats especially of the life of the soul, 

 and contains eighty pages of important psychological 

 observations. 



During the last forty years a great number of works 

 on comparative animal psychology have appeared, 

 principally occasioned by the great impulse which 

 Darwin gave in 1859 by his work on The Origin of 

 Species, and by the application of the idea of evolu- 

 tion to the province of psychology. The more 

 important of these works we owe to Romanes and 

 Sir J. Lubbock in England ; to W. Wundt, L. 

 Biichner, G. Schneider, Fritz Schulze, and Karl 

 Groos in Germany ; to Alfred E spinas and E. 

 Jourdan in France ; and to Tito Yignoli in Italy. 



