PSYCHIC GRADATIONS. 129 



of the dog, the neigh of the horse, the chirp of the 

 cricket, the cry of the cicada, are all specimens of 

 animal speech. Only in man, however, has that 

 articulate conceptual speech developed which has 

 enabled his reason to attain such high achievements. 

 Comparative philology, one of the most interesting 

 sciences that has arisen during the century, has 

 shown that the numerous elaborate languages of the 

 different nations have been slowly and gradually 

 evolved from a few simple primitive tongues (Wilhelm 

 Humboldt, Bopp, Schleicher, Steinthal, and others). 

 August Schleicher of Jena, in particular, has proved 

 that the historical development of language takes 

 place under the same phylogenetic laws as the 

 evolution of other physiological faculties and their 

 organs. Romanes (1893) has expanded this proof, 

 and amply demonstrated that human speech, also, 

 differs from that of the brute only in degree of 

 development, not in essence and kind. 



The important group of psychic activities which 

 we embrace under the name of " emotion " plays a 

 conspicuous part both in theoretical and practical 

 psychology. From our point of view they have a 

 peculiar importance, from the fact that we clearly 

 see in them the direct connection of cerebral func- 

 tions with other physiological functions (the beat 

 of the heart, sense-action, muscular movement, 

 etc.) ; they, therefore, prove the unnatural and 

 untenable character of the philosophy which would 

 essentially dissociate psychology from physiology. 

 All the external expressions of emotional life which 

 we find in man are also present in the higher 

 animals (especially in the anthropoid ape and the 

 dog) ; however varied their development may be, they 



