372 THE KIDDLE OF THE UNIVEBSE. 



observation furnishes an attractive introduction to the 

 biological sciences (anthropology, zoology, and botany). 

 A start must be made with descriptive system (in con- 

 junction with aetiology or bionomy) ; the elements of 

 anatomy and physiology to be added later on. 



8. The first principles of physics and chemistry 

 must also be taught, and their exact establishment 

 with the aid of mathematics. 



9. Every pupil must be taught to draw well, and 

 from nature ; and, wherever it is possible, the use of 

 water colours. The execution of drawings and of 

 water-colour sketches from nature (of flowers, animals, 

 landscapes, clouds, etc.) not only excites interest in 

 nature and helps memory to enjoy objects, but it 

 gives the pupil his first lesson in seeing correctly and 

 understanding what he has seen. 



10. Much more care and time must be devoted 

 than has been done hitherto to corporal exercise, to 

 gymnastics and swimming ; but it is especially 

 important to have walks in common every week, and 

 journeys on foot during the holidays. The lesson in 

 observation which pupils obtain in this way is invaluable. 



The chief aim of higher education up to the present 

 time, in most countries, has been a preparation for 

 the subsequent profession, and the acquisition of a 

 certain amount of information and direction for civic 

 duties. The school of the twentieth century will 

 have for its main object the formation of independent 

 thought, the clear understanding of the knowledge 

 acquired, and an insight into the natural connection 

 of phenomena. If the modern State gives every 

 citizen a vote, it should also give him the means of 

 developing his reason by a proper education, in order 

 to make a rational use of his vote for the common weal. 



