PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 71 



sociated with an angina of the throat. The mucous 

 membrane of the Eustachian tube becomes swollen, 

 and the tube closed ; the drum becomes red, 

 thickened, and retracted. With these catarrhal 

 symptoms are noticed roaring in the ears." 



Physicians also assert that the use of tobacco 

 tends to injure the voice, rendering it coarse, 

 tremulous, and husky. On this point Dr. Kussell, 

 who, for forty years was a professor of Elocution, 

 remarks : " As to the effect of the habitual use of 

 tobacco on the quality and character of the voice, 

 I know it to be injurious in proportion to the ex- 

 tent to which it is carried. Snuff-taking destroys 

 the natural sound, and the pure ring of healthy 

 human utterance. It deadens the voice, and by 

 impairing its clear resonance, mars the distinctness 

 of articulation. Smoking creates a reedy, burning 

 sound, which hinders purity of tone, and renders 

 the voice more or less grating to the ear. Chew- 

 ing, by its exhausting effect on the salivary glands, 

 causes the quality of the voice to become dry, 

 hard, and bitter." 



Dr. Newell, of Boston : " Tobacco has eleven 

 special centres of action in the human system, the 

 chief of which are the heart, eyes, spinal cord, 

 genitalia, lungs, and the circulation. I have seen 

 nicotine lower the circulation and lessen the res- 

 piratory powers ; wither or paralyze the motor 

 column of the spinal cord, produce atrophy of the 

 retina and blindness. It produces mental aberra- 

 tions, low spirits, irresolution, the most dismal 



