SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 121 



in whose possession tobacco was found should 

 have his nose and lips cut off, and afterwards be 

 burned alive." 



In Switzerland, children ran after the offenders, 

 innkeepers were ordered to report those who 

 smoked in their houses, and all transgressors were 

 cited before the Council and punished. 



In 1624 Pope Urban VIII. issued a bull excom- 

 municating all who took snuff in church, while 

 the Empress Elizabeth authorized the beadles to 

 confiscate the snuff-boxes to their own use. In 

 1690 Pope Innocent renewed the bull of excom- 

 munication. 



It is related that Frederic the Great, at the cor- 

 onation of his mother as Queen of Prussia, observ- 

 ing that she watched her opportunity to take a 

 pinch of snuff, sent a gentleman to remind her of 

 what was due to her high position. 



Queen Elizabeth of England published an edict 

 against its use, " as a demoralizing vice, tending to 

 reduce her subjects to the condition of those 

 savages whose habits they imitated." 



Her successor, King James, took still stronger 

 ground. About five years after the Common Version 

 of the Bible was made, appeared his Counterblast to 

 Tobacco, in which the royal writer indignantly 

 launches forth : " Moreover, which is a great in- 

 iquity and against all humanity, the husband shall 

 not be ashamed to raise his delicate, wholesome, 

 and clear-complexioned wife to that extremity that 

 she must also corrupt her sweet breath therewith, 



