to the atlas or first vertebrae of the neck. On the outer sides of the 

 occipital and beyond the condyles are two styliform processes or point- 

 ed projections, for the attachment of some of the muscles of the neck, 

 which assist in supporting-thehead. The temporal (<?) bone unites above 

 with the parietal and behind with the occipital. It contains the internal 

 parts of the ear and has a depression or hollow beneath for the articula- 

 tion of the lower jaw. Anteriorly this bone joins the extremity of the 

 frontal and continuing- f orward unites with the malar (J) or cheekbone, 

 making- up the zygomatic arch and forming the greater part of the 

 orbit, which is completed by the lachrymal (g), or small facial bone at 

 the inner corner of the eye. Immediately before the frontal, is the nasal 

 (k) bone, one of the principal bones of the face and covering- the delicate 

 membrane of the nose. The superior maxillary (/) is a large bone oc- 

 cupying- the side of the face, It carries all the molar teeth or grinders 

 and the tusks of the upper jaw. The nippers or incisor teeth are insert" 

 ed into the premaxillary (k), which uniting the two bones last mention" 

 ed, completes the framework of the nose. The lower jaw consists of two 

 bones only, the inferior maxillaries (z), these are rounded at the hinder 

 extremity of the jaw and terminate in two processes directed upwards. 

 The terminal projection or condyloid, process, articulates with the tem- 

 poral bone at the base of the zygomatic arch and forms the hinge on 

 which the whole lower jaw moves. The second process, termed the 

 coronoid, passes under the arch and receives the lower end of the large 

 temporal muscle, which arises from the parietal bone and is principally 

 concerned in moving the jaw in the act of mastication. 



The vertebrae of the neck are seven in number and are called cervi- 

 cal. The atlas, which articulates with the skull is a ring- shaped bone 

 with broad lateral projections; but without any other prominent char- 

 acters. It has great freedom of motion on the second bone or dentata 

 and on the peculiar articulations of these two vertebrae, the power of 

 turning the head mainly depends. The remaining five bones of the neck 

 closely resemble each other, they have various small processes, for the 

 attachment of muscles and ligaments, and therefore will be sufficiently 

 understood by an examination of the cut. Eighteen vertebrae are 

 given to the back and called dorsal, these are the only ones bearing the 

 ribs, then follow six lumbar or those of the loins, situated between those 

 bearing the ribs and the haunch bones. 



The number of ribs is sometimes found to exceed that of eighteen ; 

 nineteen and occasionally twenty ribs being found in the horse ; but in 

 such cases there is no actual increase in the number of bones in the verte- 

 bral column. The dorsal and lumbar vertebrae together are alwavs 

 twenty-four, so, that if one or two ribs above the normal number are 

 present, thereby increasing the dorsal series, the lumbar vertebrae are 

 proportionately reduced. The sacrum includes five bones, which in the 

 grown horse are united into one mass and thus act as a kind of -wedge 

 or keystone to the arch formed by the approximation, at this point, of 

 the haunch bones. Great strength and solidity are required here, as the 

 united bones of the pelvic arch are the great pivots, on which the hind 



