64 



become thoroughly familiar with their details and they should be 

 practised both with and without stirrups. 



Before attempting to turn the horse in a trot, the pupil should be 

 able to make a distinction between the tempos of this gait. 



For the ordinary exercises of balance, the slow and medium tempos 

 are the most serviceable and the pupil may, when he has become suffi- 

 ciently well balanced, allow the horse to trot freely. 



During the execution of all turns the horse should be gathered to a 

 short trot, that is restrained with the reins, to shorten the steps and at 

 the same time urged with the legs to maintain an active tempo ; by so 

 doing the horse will be prompted to lift his legs higher and make 

 shorter strides. 



The changes from one tempo to another, .by alternately ^lrging and 

 restraining the horse, must be practiced extensively and then the 

 simple turns which have been executed in a walk, may be repeated in 

 a trot, with and without stirrups, 



ROUND TURKS. 



When the pupil thoroughly comprehends and masters the straight 

 turns, we proceed with the round turns or turns on circles, beginning 

 with a large circle to the right. 



For this purpose we select upon either end of the ring, a portion 

 constituting a perfect square and in this square describe a circle 

 mathematically correct, of which the circumference touches upon the 

 middle of each side of the sqtiare. 



Riding upon a circle requires constant turning of the horse, how- 

 ever slight, and the entire body of the horse, trom head to tail, should 

 be bent like the circumference of the eirele on which it moves. 



The aids which have been applied in the straight turns, during the 

 actual execution of the turn, are now to be used continually and the 

 weight of the rider inclines toward the centre of the circle. 



The command for the execution of the circle is "on a large circle to 

 the right" (left) "March ! ". 



In changing the direction at the command "change circle" the pupil 

 will leave the original circle, where the circumference touches the 

 imaginary wall or open side of the square and diagonally crossing the 

 ring will gain the other end and there describe a circle of the same 

 radius to the left. The position of hands and legs changes as the new 

 direction is assumed. 



We next change the direction at the command "in the circle change," 

 by describing two half circles along the diameter of the large circle of 

 which the radius is 1-4 of the radius of the large circle. Beginning at 

 the point where the circumference of the circle touches the -wall, the 

 pupil performs a semi-circle to the centre and there changing the 

 position of the horse by reversing the aids of reins and legs, describes 

 another semi-circle on the other side of the diameter, to the point oppo- 

 site from where he originally started, thus describing a capital S. 



' It will be well, that the pupil at first should stop the horse upon ar- 

 riving at the point of changing the direction and at a standstill cause 

 the horse to assume the position required for the opposite direction, 

 until horse and rider have been made to understand each other suffi- 

 ciently, and sufficient balance has been acquired to effect these changes 

 without any violent motions of arms legs or body. 



