FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 17 



about three eighths of an inch long, with numerous well defined, darker spots or 

 tubercles on its body, a brown head and thoracic shield and an anal shield of nearly 

 the same color. Short hairs grow from the tubercles and are also found about the 

 head and posterior extremity. The burrows in the larger limbs and trunk may con- 

 tain caterpillars over three inches long, nearly white, and with larger, more distinct 

 spots or tubercles than in the earlier stages (Plate 2, figure 4). The beautiful white 

 moths marked with blue and black are well represented, the female, with wings folded 

 at 2 and the male with them expanded at 3, on plate 2. The salmon colored eggs are 

 about the size of a common pin head and in captivity are deposited in a large mass. 



History and Distribution in America. This insect is another of the bad pests 

 accidentally introduced within recent years. The earliest authentic record of its 

 presence in America is the brief note given by Jacob Doll in Papilio, for February, 

 1882, stating that he had taken a living example in a spider's web the preceding June 

 at Hoboken, N. J. Its destructive work was observed in 1884 by Dr. E. B. Southwick 

 in Central Park, New York city. It was taken in 1887 at Newark, N. J., and in 1889 

 at Arlington and Orange, N. J. Col. Pike, in 1892, after describing the widespread 

 ravages of the insect in Brooklyn, reported it as present at Astoria, New Rochelle, 

 Jamaica, New Lots and Flatbush, and at a later date stated that the pest had made its 

 way to almost all parts of Long Island and had extended into Connecticut. In 1894, 

 Dr. Southwick characterized this pest as " one of the worst insects we have to contend 

 with." Mr. L. H. Joutel of New York informed me recently that this species was 

 present at Kensico, Westchester county, some 25 miles north of New York city. As 

 this insect occurs in southern and central Europe and possibly in southern Sweden, 

 we may expect the pest to make its way farther north. On this account, the last 

 American locality given has exceptional interest, showing, as it does, that this borer 

 is working northward. It is yet early to state how fast the pest will spread, but it 

 will certainly do no harm to keep on the watch for the appearance of the insect in 

 new localities in the state. Searching for indications of the borer's presence along 

 the Hudson River will probably result in its detection in several new localities. 



Life History and Habits. Moths may be taken from early June till the latter part 

 of September. European authorities state that the female places her eggs in crevices 

 of the bark in branches as well as the trunk. Since the young caterpillars frequently 

 enter the twigs at the base of a bud (Plate 2, figure i la), it seems quite probable that 

 many of the oval, salmon colored eggs may be thrust between the stem and bud or under 

 a bud scale. Several observers have noted the deposition of about 300 eggs by the 

 female in confinement aud some writers estimate that she may deposit as many as 

 1,000 eggs. When a young caterpillar enters a twig, it usually tunnels along the pith, 

 eating away the wood here and there almost to the bark. The expelled frass at the 



