24 INTERNAL SECRETION 



<-]x c ially in the case of the adrenal cortex, that some useful 

 principles may thus be removed (see under Adrenal Bodies, 

 p. 203). 



S/ilx-tilaneous injections of extracts (either fresh or after 

 various modes of extraction and preparation) was the method 

 which first aroused modern interest in the subject of internal 

 S<H ivtion. The work of Brown-Sequard in 1889, upon testi- 

 cular extracts was, perhaps, open to some criticism, but it 

 served to stimulate research in various directions, and led 

 directly or indirectly to very valuable results. Subcutaneous 

 or iniraperitoneal injection of all other tissues and glands has 

 since been carried out, and the results will be referred to in 

 their proper place. By far the most striking are those obtained 

 by the injection of extracts of the adrenal bodies (vide infra, 

 p. 158). 



Hypodermic injection of the non-coagulable portion of 

 aqueous extracts of thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, spleen, 

 and liver increases both gastric secretion and the movements of 

 the stomach, while those prepared from the pituitary body 

 and the adrenal inhibit the flow. Pancreatic extract increases 

 the flow of gastric juice. The same kind of extract made from 

 liver causes a marked flow of pancreatic juice. Extracts of 

 thyroid and thymus act less powerfully in the same direction, 

 while those of the pituitary, the parathyroid, spleen, and 

 pancreas are inert. Adrenal extract inhibits the flow. There 

 is not sufficient evidence to warrant us in regarding these 

 effects as manifestations of internal secretion. 



Intravenous injection does not appear to have been much 

 IIM-'| in the study of internal secretions until the publication 

 by Oliver and Schafer of the extraordinary effects upon the 

 heart and circulation produced by the injection of adrenal 

 extracts, or in more modern phraseology, by extracts made 

 from the chromaphil tissue included in the adrenal (see p. 165 

 and Figs. 16, 36, 39-43). Since that time, however, the 

 method has been used perhaps to a greater extent than any 

 other. Numerous observers have tested the effects of every 

 imaginable organ and tissue in the hope of finding some remark- 

 able substance in the extracts comparable in its effects with 

 adrenin from chromaphil tissues. Briefly, the results have 

 been as follows. One other tissue besides the chromaphil 

 n inicly, the nervous portion of the pituitary has been found 



