160 THE DUCTLESS GLANDS 



or the fresh glands were pounded with water or normal salt 

 solution and sand in a mortar, and the filtrate injected without 

 boiling. Dried material was also sometimes employed for 

 the preparation of the extracts. Sometimes cortex and medulla 

 were carefully separated, and separately used for extracting 

 and injecting, either by the fresh or the dry method. In 

 addition to the above, glycerin and alcoholic extracts were 

 employed. 



In most of the experiments the injection was made subcu- 

 taneously beneath the skin of the back with a hypodermic 

 needle. In some cases the extract was injected into the pleura 

 or the peritoneum, and in a few cases into a vein. Numerous 

 control experiments were performed. 



The adrenals employed in the making of the extracts were 

 obtained mostly from the sheep, but some were taken from the 

 ox, and occasionally those of smaller animals were used e.g., 

 dog, cat, rabbit, guinea-pig, etc. 



The conclusions reached as a result of this series of experi- 

 ments were as follows : In rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats, mice, 

 frogs, and toads, after sufficiently large doses of adrenal extract 

 injected subcutaneously, we get slowed muscular movements, 

 paresis, and finally paralysis of the limbs (hind-limbs always 

 becoming affected first), bleeding from the mouth and nostrils, 

 haematuria (not observed in rabbits), breathing rapid and 

 shallow at first, finally becoming deep and infrequent, and 

 occasionally convulsions resembling those of asphyxia pre- 

 ceding death, before which the temperature often falls very 

 low. The paralysis is central. The effects are due to the 

 medulla of the adrenals, the cortex containing no toxic sub- 

 stance. The effects are specific for the adrenal, and not 

 common to other glandular extracts. The toxic material is 

 easily eliminated in some way or other. This accounts for 

 the large dose required to produce a fatal result, and accounts 

 also for the ease with which recovery takes place. Idiosyncrasy 

 plays a large part in the conditions. A partial immunity can 

 be set up by giving doses not sufficient to kill. This immunity 

 passes off after a few weeks. 



In dogs the first effect of a subcutaneous injection of an 

 adrenal extract is excitement. There is increased muscular 

 activity, which passes into a stage of agitation with tremors, 

 until paresis and finally paralysis come on. Thirst is also a 





