162 THE DUCTLESS GLANDS 



manner. A further experiment with material obtained from 

 Raja clavaia gave harmonious results. 



These experiments gave further positive evidence of the 

 homology of the "paired bodies" of Elasmobranchs with 

 the medulla of the mammalian adrenal, and, in conjunction 

 with the morphological and histological evidence as to the 

 homology of the "inter-renal" and the "corpuscles of Stan- 

 nius" with the cortex of the mammalian adrenal (Vincent, 

 Balfour, Diamare), show that the toxic effects of subcutan- 

 eous administration of adrenal extracts are obtained only with 

 chromaphil substance, whether forming the medulla of the 

 adrenal or the paired chromaphil bodies of Elasmobranch fishes. 



An important observation was made by Blum in 1901. 

 After subcutaneous or intravenous injection of adrenal extracts, 

 glycosuria occurs, even when the animals injected are being 

 fed upon a diet free from carbohydrates, or after several days' 

 inanition, when it is to be supposed that all the glycogen must 

 have disappeared from the liver. 1 The author considers that 

 the function of the adrenal is to free the organism from the 

 poisonous products of metabolism. 



More recently the purified active principle of the chromaphil 

 tissues (under various names, perhaps most commonly "adrena- 

 lin ") has been employed for subcutaneous and other modes of 

 injection instead of the crude extracts. The results have not 

 been very different from those obtained when extracts of 

 adrenal medulla were used. 



The immunity first observed by the present writer, working 

 with adrenal extracts, has been recently recorded by Ssawel- 

 jew, who employed pure adrenin. Waterman has succeeded 

 by injecting rabbits with larger and larger doses of r- supra - 

 renin in bringing the animals into a condition in which they 

 cannot be rendered glycosuric by means of Z-suprarenin. 



Since Blum's original communication numerous papers 

 upon adrenal glycosuria have appeared, and the majority of 

 workers have used, not extracts of the adrenal or of chroma- 

 phil substance, but the pure active substance (adrenin). 

 Lazarus states that after prolonged administration of adrenin 

 there is marked hypertrophy of the islets of Langerhans, of 

 the pancreas, as well as of the adrenal bodies. Herter and 



1 More recent observers conclude that the glycosuria lasts until the glycogen 

 store of the liver becomes exhausted. 





