THE ADRENAL BODIES 163 



Richards, and also Paton, confirmed Blum's observation that, 

 as with phloridzin and pancreatic diabetes, glycosuria occurs 

 even when stored carbohydrates have been previously elimin- 

 ated. Later observers have not held this view. As pointed 

 out by Schafer, there seem to be connecting links between the 

 glycosuria set up by pancreatic removal and that due to the 

 action of adrenalin. Herter and Wakeman found that quite 

 small amounts (1 c.c. of a 1 in 1,000 solution) of adrenalin 

 applied to the pancreas provokes marked glycosuria. 



According to Mayer and Frouin, as already noted (vide 

 supra, p. 146), neither the puncture diabetes nor pancreatic 

 diabetes occur after extirpation of the adrenals. Zuelzer has 

 gone so far as to assign definitely an adrenal origin to the 

 pancreatic diabetes of Mehring and Minkowski. He found 

 that extirpation of the pancreas carried out at the same time 

 as ligature of the adrenal veins provokes little or no glycosuria. 

 Injection of certain doses of adrenalin remains without effect 

 if one injects at the same time a dose of pancreatic extract. 

 In dogs, if the pancreas and the adrenals are simultaneously 

 extirpated, there is no glycosuria. Zuelzer also made some 

 experiments with an artificial circulation through the liver. 

 He concludes that the adrenal secretion is normally neutralized 

 by the pancreas, and that pancreatic diabetes is really a 

 " negative pancreatic diabetes," while it may be regarded 

 as a "positive adrenal diabetes," the real stimulus to the 

 genesis of glycosuria being the adrenal secretion. 



Similar views are held by other writers. Others again con- 

 nect the adrenin glycosuria with the functions of the thyroid 

 and the action of the sympathetic nervous system (Eppinger, 

 Falta, and Rudinger). 



Loewi reports that in diabetes arising after extirpation of 

 the.pancreas adrenalin produces dilatation of the pupil if applied 

 to the conjunctiva, whereas it has no influence on the normal 

 eye. This observation was confirmed by Biedl, and it is stated 

 that this reaction may be used as a diagnostic sign of pancreatic 

 diabetes. 



In 1898 Biedl discovered a new form of experimental 

 diabetes. This was induced by tying the thoracic duct or 

 by leading it to the exterior and allowing the lymph to flow 

 away. The author considers that the lymph which constantly 

 flows into the circulation from the lymphatic duct contains a 



