364 THE DUCTLESS GLANDS 



profound effects are produced. In these cases, the symptoms 

 described are analogous to those given by Gushing, and which 

 are detailed above. His operative proceedings are criticized by 

 Biedl and by Gushing. 



Quite recently, Aschner has emphasized the relationships 

 between the pituitary body and the genital organs, and points 

 out the bearing of these upon pathological conditions in the 

 human subject. 



Staderini believes that extirpation experiments have given 

 contradictory results in the hands of different observers, 

 because operators have not always taken account of the " lobi 

 laterales " and the " lobus premamillaris," described by him in 

 the cat and in the ox. Perna has given a full description, with 

 illustrations, of a " post-glandular prolongation " in the human 

 subject. Other " accessory pituitaries," which may be men- 

 tioned here, are the " pharyngeal pituitary bodies " described 

 by Haberfeld and others. 



Complete extirpation can never be said to have been per- 

 formed, unless these accessory bodies have been removed along 

 with the main pituitary. Moreover, according to Biedl, total 

 extirpation can only be described as such when, in addition to 

 the removal of both lobes, the hypophyseal peduncle is severed 

 as well. This latter operation is in itself, according to Biedl, as 

 / fatal as complete extirpation of the pituitary body. This was 

 found to be the case also by Paulesco, and Aschner has only 

 recorded the survival of animals in pituitary operations when 

 not too much of the infundibulum was removed. Morawski, 

 however, found that cutting through the peduncle has no 

 serious effect on the monkey, while cats will not survive the 

 procedure. This difference is explained by him by the fact that, 

 in the monkey, cutting through the peduncle does not make an 

 opening into the third ventricle, which must happen in cats and 

 dogs. Biedl thinks that the real explanation lies in the anato- 

 mical relationships of the pars intermedia in the different 

 animals, and is of the opinion that the opening of a communica- 

 tion with the third ventricle is a matter of no consequence. 



Summing up, so far as is possible, these somewhat contra- 

 dictory experimental results, we may conclude with some degree 

 of probability that : 



1. Total extirpation of the pituitary body is a fatal opera- 

 tion, though the duration of life in the operated animal varies 



