THE GENERATIVE GLANDS 365 



rare cases in which the physiological cessation of the function 

 of the genital glands is followed by more or less alteration in the 

 sex characters. Women at the menopause have been known to 

 develop male characteristics, such as a deep masculine voice and 

 hirsute growth upon the face and body. 



Castration late in life is not followed by any demonstrable 

 changes in the sex characteristics, and prepubertal castration, as 

 we shall see later, produces not heterosexualism, but infantilism. 

 But the perverted sex characteristics described above are the result 

 of the suppression of the ovarian function. These facts suggest 

 that in the case of castration, extirpation of the genital glands 

 includes the removal of the rudimentary portions of heterosexual 

 tissue ; while in cases of ovarian inadequacy, these heterosexual 

 rudiments have acquired a determining influence upon the de- 

 velopment of primitive beginnings which are present in in- 

 dividuals of both sexes. 



The same theory accounts for the perversion of sex charac- 

 teristics in animals ; such are, male sheep and goats which yield 

 milk, and female goats and sheep with beard and horns ; antlered 

 females among the cervidae ; hens with cock's plumage or 

 arrhenoidia, the reverse condition, thelyidia, in cocks, &c. 



The phenomenon of cock's plumage in hens has been 

 extensively investigated by A. Brandt. It appears that the 

 changes are not confined to the plumage, but that these birds 

 acquire other male characteristics; they crow or sing and, in 

 the absence of the cock, they lead the other females. 



Brandt points out that arrhenoidia and thelyidia are normal 

 conditions in certain species of birds, where they occur in- 

 dependently of changes in the genital glands, as the expression 

 merely of variability of the external sex characteristics. They 

 are congenital, however, in hermaphroditism and in other 

 anomalies ; they are acquired after loss or degeneration of the 

 internal genitals ; and they occur most frequently as accompani- 

 ments of senile degeneration of the ovaries with sterility, and of 

 obliteration of the oviduct. 



A. Rorig has made antler formation and the manner in 

 which it is influenced by the reproductive organs the subject of 

 careful investigation. 



The antlers of the stag are acquired secondary characteristics, 

 developed at a period when "the strong projecting canine teeth, 

 the original weapons of his forefathers, had proved an inadequate 

 means of defence, and the method of fighting forehead to fore- 

 head during the rutting season had been evolved." 



The sexual character of the antlers is shown by the fact that 

 " these organs of aggression invariably attain to full development 

 at a period immediately preceding the rutting season, and that 

 they are shed a short time after its close." 



Rorig brings forward a large amount of material, chiefly 



