414 INTERNAL SECRETION 



species. Minkowski observed diabetes not only in the dog, but 

 in the cat and the pig, and Hedon observed the condition in apes. 

 Destruction of the pancreas is followed in rabbits by slight 

 diabetes expressed by alimentary glycosuria. In carnivorous 

 birds, removal of the pancreas is followed by slight diabetes 

 (Weintraud) ; while the herbivorous varieties show marked hyper- 

 glycaemia and reduction in the glycogen contents of the liver, but 

 no glycosuria (Kausch). Aldehoff found that, of cold-blooded 

 animals, the frog and the tortoise show glycosuria after pancreas- 

 ectomy. Markuse and Pfliiger also investigated the conditions in 

 frogs, and found that, if the liver is removed with the pancreas, 

 glycosuria does not appear. With regard to fish, in two cases 

 out of eleven, Caparelli observed slight glycosuria in eels after 

 pancreatic extirpation, while Diamare observed constant hyper- 

 glycaemia and glycosuria in Torpedo marmorata. 



The dog has formed the subject of the vast majority of 

 pancreatic experiments, and it was with this animal that an exact 

 experimental analysis in diabetes was first obtained. 



Total extirpation of the pancreas of dogs is followed by sugar 

 in the urine in the course of a few hours or, at the most, a few 

 days. If, during the following days, the animals are fed, the 

 amount of sugar increases progressively, and, at the end of three 

 to five days, reaches the maximum of 8 to 12 per cent. If the 

 animals are kept fasting, the urine will contain sugar, but in 

 smaller quantities. Taking into consideration the fact that, in 

 addition to glycosuria, there is a very high degree of polyuria, 

 the absolute amount of sugar excreted is considerable. Dogs 

 weighing 10 to 15 kilos, and fed on a mixed diet containing 

 a large proportion of carbohydrates, excrete i to i litres of urine 

 containing 8 to 10 per cent, sugar in twenty-four hours that is, 

 about 1 20 to 150 grms. in the twenty-four hours. The other 

 diabetic symptoms evidenced by Tiiese animals are polyphagia 

 and polydypsia ; in face of the large amount of food taken, the 

 progressive emaciation is very remarkable. This is first shown 

 by a rapid decrease in the adipose tissue, but the fleshy parts also 

 soon show a marked falling away ; and three to four weeks after 

 operation the animals are reduced to skeletons and perish of 

 extreme inanition. The emaciation, however, is attributable only 

 in part to the digestive derangements which accompany the sup- 

 pression of the external pancreatic secretion. The glycosuria 

 persists until the end, the sugar disappearing from the urine on 

 the day preceding death. In addition to sugar, the urine contains 

 acetone, aceto-acetic, diacetic, and /3-oxybutyric acid. 



The duration of life depends, in the first place, upon the 

 operative technique ; in the second, upon whether the removal of 

 the organ is effected without infective complications, especially, 

 as so frequently happens, duodenal necrosis with subsequent 

 peritonitis and perforation. It must also be borne in mind that, 



