204 CRITIQUES AND ADDRESSES. [ix. 



Eastern Arctogsea, is that of the Didel/phidce, which, 

 however, remains in North America. 



But it is very remarkable that while the Miocene fauna. 

 of the Arctogseal province, as a whole, is of the same 

 character as the existing fauna of the same province, 

 as a whole, the component elements of the fauna were 

 differently associated. In the Miocene epoch, North 

 America possessed Elephants, Horses, Khinoceroses, 

 and a great number and variety of Ruminants and 

 Pigs, which are absent in the present indigenous 

 fauna ; Europe had its Apes, Elephants, Rhinoceroses, 

 Tapirs, Musk-deer, Giraffes, Hyaenas, great Cats, Eden- 

 tates, and Opossum-like Marsupials, which have equally 

 vanished from its present fauna ; and in Northern India, 

 the African types of Hippopotamuses, Giraffes, and Ele- 

 phants were mixed up with what are now the Asiatic 

 types of the latter, and with Camels, and Semnopithe- 

 cine and Pithecine Apes of no less distinctly Asiatic 

 forms. 



In fact the Miocene mammalian fauna of Europe and 

 the Himalayan regions contains, associated together, the 

 types which are at present separately located in the 

 South-African and Indian sub-provinces of Arctogsea. 

 Now there is every reason to believe, on other grounds, 

 that both Hindostan, south of the Ganges, and Africa, 

 south of the Sahara, were separated by a wide sea from 

 Europe and North Asia during the Middle and Upper 

 Eocene epochs. Hence it becomes highly probable that 

 the well-known similarities, and no less remarkable dif- 

 ferences, between the present Faunae of India and South 

 Africa have arisen in some such fashion as the following. 

 Some time during the Miocene epoch, possibly when the 

 Himalayan chain was elevated, the bottom of the num- 

 mulitic sea was upheaved and converted into dry land, 

 in the direction of a line extending from Abyssinia to 



