THE ST. LOUIS LUMBERMAN. 



77 



seed boxes, chutes, drawers, slides, riddles, pitmans, 

 tongues and other parts are supplied by the ten 

 other woods on the list. Longleaf pine is made into 

 tongues or poles for many implements drawn by 

 horses and for this use competes with white oak, 

 red oak, hickory and Douglas fir. Pitmans and con- 

 necting rods which operate the oscillating parts of 

 machines are generally of hickory. Hoppers and 

 boxes, as well as sides and lining, are of cotton- 

 wood, cypress, red gum and' white pine. 



Farm wagons and carts are not included in this 

 industry, and a good many kinds of tools are not. 

 Fitchforks, shovels, hoes, scythes and some kinds of 

 rakes are excluded because the handles are the 

 only parts made of wood, and they are accounted for 

 in the handle Industry. Wagons belong with ve- 

 hicles and vehicle parts. The list of agricultural im- 

 plements is so long that a catalogue of separate ma- 

 chines is not practicable at this place, but some of 

 the most important are threshing machines,, fan- 

 ning mills, horse rakes, hay tedders, corn planters, 

 cutters and shellers; manure spreaders, plows, har- 

 hows, listers, cultivators, mowers, potato planters 

 and diggers, meadow and alfalfa renovators; reap- 

 ers, stackers, ditchers and grain drills. 



AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 



Dairymen's, Poultrymen's and Apiarists' Supplies. 



Recent years have brought notable changes In 

 the methods of conducting the business of dairymen, 

 poultry raisers and the keepers of bees. It was once 

 thought that a dairy was properly equipped if it had 

 a pail or two, a supply of crocks and a churn; and 

 that the raising of poultry could be successfully car- 

 ried on with a "henhouse" outfitted with sassafras 

 poles for roosts, a few coops for restraining the 

 scratching proclivities of the mother hens with 

 hungry broods chirping for supplies, and a corncrib 

 to be drawn upon in time of scarcity. Bees were 

 provided with gums sawed from hollow logs and 

 they were left to fight their battles alone. Old things 

 have nearly passed away along these lines. 



In Missouri white ash is the most important wood 

 in the manufacture of apparatus for the dairy. The 

 churn with its dash is yet in use, and no wood is 

 more suitable than ash. It has been said that the 

 churn dash and the sickle are the oldest tools of hu- 

 man invention that are still in use, and in spite of 

 all improvements they still hold their place, though 

 a somewhat inferior one. Until recent years churns 

 were home made, but they are now turned out by 

 factories and in different patterns, the barrel with 

 Its revolving dash, the box to be turned with a 

 crank. The separator is winning its way over the 

 churn. Other apparatus may be listed, such as but- 

 ter molds, butter workers, trays, paddles ice-cream 

 freezers and cooling boxes. 



Brooders and incubators constitute a large part 

 of poultry outfits made of wood. Coops and nests 

 of many designs are provided to lessen labor and 

 improve efficiency. California redwood, shortleaf 

 pine and cypress are used in making these commodi- 

 ties. Some of these articles are constantly handled 

 and carried from place to place, and lightness is es- 

 sential. Redwood is very light and does not take 

 fire easily, and this probably accounts for the high 

 place it holds. It is very smooth when finished and 

 is sanitary. The surface does not catch and hold 

 dust and germs as rougher woods might do. It is 

 also a peculiar wood in that it is not apt to become 

 damp and foul. The surface absorbs dampness 

 which may come in contact with it. 



B'ee keepers demand much improved apparatus of 

 wood. They are no longer satisfied with hives made 

 by sawing off hollow gum or sycamore logs or the 

 hollow knees of cypress. The factory-made hives 

 are of redwood, cypress and shortleaf pine. One of 

 the essentials of a hive wood is that it shall resist 

 decay. It is more or less exposed to dampness, and 

 when decay begins the wood becomes unsanitary. 

 Both redwood and cypress meet the required condi- 

 tions. 



The small frames provided for the comb are of 

 licht, thin material, and basswood is ideal. Only 

 five woods are reported in Table XVII, and nearly 

 90 per cent of the amount is cut in the State. 



Sporting and Athletic Goods. 



Table XVIII presents statistics of the manufac- 

 ture of sporting and athletic goods in Missouri 

 in the year 1910. Various articles are included in 

 this industry and woods of several kinds are de- 

 manded, but more than half is yellow poplar. The 

 following are among the commodities manufac- 

 tured: 



Baseball bats, 

 Croquet sets, 

 Tennis rackets, 

 Billiard tables and 



purtenances, 

 Pool tables, 

 Bowling alleys, pins 



balls, 

 Tenpins, 



Calisthenic rings, 

 Indian clubs, 



Dumbbells, 

 Parallel bars, 

 Springboards, 

 ap- Vaulting poles. 

 Golf clubs, 

 Skiis, 

 andSnowshoes, 



Decoy ducks for hunters, 

 Net floats, 

 Fishing rods, 

 Wooden bait. 



Of course, a single factory does not turn out 

 the full line of athletic goods, any more than one 

 furniture factory makes all kinds of furniture. 



Much of the yellow poplar reported is worked 

 into billiard and pool table tops. It is one of the 



TABLE XVI. 



Average 

 cost 



per 

 1000 ft. 



$ 26.43 

 33.42 

 48.68 

 48.68 

 37.50 

 40.40 

 41.93 

 24.85 

 20.00 

 22.50 

 30.00 

 25.00 



Total 

 cost 

 f. o. b. 

 factory 

 $ 39.996 

 28,610 

 10,999 

 8,999 

 4,313 

 3,111 

 1,740 

 817 

 300 

 270 

 300 

 175 



Grown in 

 Missouri 

 feet 

 B. M. 



116,000 

 47,190 

 38,610 



30,000 



$ 32.24 $ 99,630 



231,800 



Grown out 



of Missouri 



feet 



B. M. 



1,513,500 



740,000 



178,750 



146,250 



115,000 



77,000 



41,500 



2,880 



15,000 



12,000 



10.000 



7,000 



2,858,880 



best woods for that purpose, as it may be had in 

 large pieces and it polishes smooth. However, 

 the price paid for it is low, $31; and that is 

 cheaper than good poplar usually can be bought. 

 If the poplar is so cheap as to call for comment 

 the small quantity of sweet birch is very high 

 about double what should be expected. It was a 

 small lot and was probably of extra fine quality. 

 The hickory was manufactured into parallel bars, 

 ladder rungs and springboards. Ladder sides 

 and vaulting poles were made of Sitka spruce. 



Not one foot of the wood reported for this in- 

 dustry was grown in Missouri, though eight of 

 the ten species in the table are found in com- 

 mercial amounts in the State. 



SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS. 



State. As might be expected, foreign woods hold 

 an important place in this industry, six being on 

 the list, but the total amount is not quite 15,000 

 feet. In the manufacture of musical instruments 

 foreign woods are given place for the artistic ef- 

 fect they produce and frequently they are em- 

 ployed in very small amounts. An example is at 

 hand in the case of ebony when used as mandolin 

 and violin keys. One block measuring ten feet 

 might last a factory for months. Nevertheless, 

 it is an important wood for that purpose because 

 buyers of instruments insist upon having ebony 

 where it adds to appearance, though a plainer and 

 cheaper wood might give as much service. Finger 

 boards and bridges of several small stringed in- 

 struments are usually ebony. In denseness of 

 fiber it is claimed that no other wood equals ebony, 

 and in certain parts of fine instruments it is liked 

 for the service it gives as well as for its beauty. 

 It is frequently seen in piano keys, and as veneer 

 it becomes the outside visible part of pianos. 

 Rosewood, which like ebony comes from different 

 countries and is not all of one species, is a popu- 

 lar, high-grade finish for musical instruments. The 

 massive legs of some old pianos are of solid rose- 

 wood, but no modern piano maker is apt to be so 

 extravagant. A rosewood veneer, carefully and 

 skillfully glued upon a core Of silver maple, chest- 

 nut or white pine, looks as well, gives as good 

 service and is cheaper. Rosewood is employed in 

 the making of many small instruments and is fre- 

 quently seen in the necks of guitars, mandolins 

 and banjos. It is very firm and durable and is 

 both useful and ornamental. Tulip wood sees 

 service in much the same way as rosewood. Sev- 

 eral species pass under this name. They come from 

 Australia, Africa and South America and most of 

 them are characterized by bright stripes, which 

 resemble the variegated colors of a zebra. There 

 is, however, much difference in the various species 

 of tulip wood. The colors in some of them have a 

 tendency to fade after long exposure. 



Circassian walnut, mahogany and prima vera 

 (white mahogany) are used in the same way for 

 instrument making as in the manufacture of fur- 

 niture. Some of the mahogany listed in this indus- 

 try is the African species. In violin making the 

 backs are often of black or Sitka spruce, and in 

 some instances of Swiss pine (Pinus austriaca). 

 Spruce is usually considered the most suitable ma- 

 terial for the sounding boards of musical instru- 

 ments, from the piano down to the smallest. The 

 long fibers of this wood, and their uniform arrange- 

 ment are supposed to give spruce its resonance. 

 The quality belongs to all of the species five in 

 the United States the Sitka spruce of the Pacific 



TABLE XVIII. 



White oak 

 White ash 

 Red oak ... 

 White elm 



Cypress 



Rhortleaf p 



Hickory 



Black spruce 

 Sweet birch 



Totals 959,200 100.00 



Musical Instruments. 



Eighteen woods, the cheapest being silver maple 

 at $23 and the costliest ebony at $390, are listed 

 by Missouri manufacturers who make musical in- 

 struments (Table XIX). Only four of the woods 

 are supplied in whole or in part by the forests 

 of the State, though four others grow in the 



MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 



Kinds of wood. 



White ash 



Yellow poplar 



White oak _ 



Shortleaf pine 



Red wood 



Cypress _ _. 



Ruprar pine 



White pine 



Red oak - 



Silver maple -.. 



Suprar maple 



Mahogany _. 



Prima vera 



Sitka spruce 



Circassian walnut 



Rosewood - 



Ebony 



Tulip wood (S. Amer.).. 



Total Grown in Grown out 



cost Missouri of Missouri 



f. o. b. feet feet 



factory B. M. B. M. 



$ 15,105 487,000 



6,707 _ 107,000 



3,419 107,000 



6,350 - 100,000 



990 60,000 



1,800. _ - 60,000 



450 _ 15,000 



799 13,000 



600 10,000 



24 200 



959,200 



Coast has won a prominent place as sounding- 

 board wood. A little Norway spruce is imported 

 into Missouri from Europe by violin makers, who 

 claim that the tone quality has an individuality 

 not found in other species. The seasoning of sound- 

 ing boards is attended to with more care than is 

 accorded wood intended for almost any other pur- 

 pose. The maple selected for violin making is fre- 



$ 37.79 $ 36,244 



TABLE XIX. 



Total 



cost 



f. o. b. 



factory 



$ 10,112 



4,000 



1,750 



700 



1,225 



700 



1,000 



725 



500 



230 



529 



1,652 



600 



210 



200 



180 



215 



24 



Grown in 

 Missouri 

 feet 

 B. M. 



10,000 

 25,000 

 25,000 



Grown out 

 of Missour 1 ' 

 feet 

 B. M. 

 240.500 

 90,000 



10,000 



20.500 

 20.000 

 20.000 

 15,700 



10,000 



9,000 



8,275 



4.000 



3,750 



1,000 



900 



550 



200 



Totals 



530,125 



100.00- 



$ 46.92 



80,000 



450,125 



DAIRYMEN'S, POULTERERS' AND APIARISTS' SUPPLIES. 



TABLE XVII. 



Quantity used 

 annually 



Kinds of wood. 



White ash - 



Redwood 



Shortleaf pine 



Cypress 



Basswood - 



Totals 



feet 

 B. M. 



2,202,000 



250,000 



62,000 



40.000 



3,500 



...- 2,557,500 



per 



cent 



86.10 



9.78 



2.42 



1.56 



.14 



100.00 



Average 



cost 



per 



1000 ft. 

 $ 8.87 

 33.00 

 13.71 

 30.00 

 14.86 



Total 

 cost 

 f. o. b. 

 factory 

 $ 19,540 

 8,250 

 850 

 1,320 

 52 



Grown in 

 Missouri 

 feet 

 B. M. 

 2,202,000 



2,000 



Gro\yn out 



of Missouri 



feet 



B. M. 



11.73 * 30,012 



2,204,000 



250,000 



60,000 



40.000 



3.500 



353,500 



quently the most artistic pieces of birdseye, curly 

 and smoked wood that can be had. Ash burl has 

 been successfully substituted for maple for the 

 sides and backs of violins. 



In the manufacture of church organs cypress is 

 reported for pipes, yellow poplar for chests and 

 bellows, redwood for action parts, white P.nd red 

 oak for cases, yellow longleaf pine for frames and 

 white pine and sugar pine for portions of the in- 

 ternal mechanism. White ash is employed by mu- 

 sical instrument makers in double the quantity of 



