little disposition to check and warp. The scrubbing 

 parts of brushes may consist of bristles from Tur- 

 key, Russia, China, or from this country; rice root 

 from Italy, palm from the South, or wooden splints 

 made in nearly any locality. 



The manufacturers of bakers' tools and appliances 

 use yellow poplar exclusively, because bakers will 

 take no other. Increase in cost in recent years does 

 not apear to have lessened the demand for wood in 

 that industry. The well-known properties of yel- 

 low poplar, which create and maintain the demand 

 for it, are whiteness, fineness of grain, small liabil- 

 ity to check and split, absence of odor and taste and 

 good wearing qualities. Flour scoops, mixing 

 troughs, dough boards and rolling pins are some of 

 the tools and appliances used by bakers. Between 

 them and certain commodities generally listed as 

 woodenware the line is not clearly drawn. 



The small quantity of wood for gunstocks in Mis- 

 souri is supplied by black walnut and a little Eng- 

 lish walnut. The stocks for airguns are included 

 and they are made exclusively of black walnut, but 

 the more costly English walnut is worked into pis- 

 tol grips and the stocks of other firearms. 'Black 

 walnut is strong for its weight and takes fine finish, 

 but it is maintained by some that there is no rea- 

 son, beyond old custom, why it should exclude many 

 other woods for gunstocks. The preference often 

 shown for English, French, Italian and Circassian 

 walnut in the gunstock industry is due to the soft- 

 ness of colors and the fine figure of the wood. Some 

 of the choice pieces cost from $5 to $10 for enough 

 for a single stock. English, French and Italian wal- 

 nuts are really the same species (Junglans regia) 

 and it is not native of Europe, but seeds were 

 brought in (as is supposed) from Persia by the Ro- 

 mans, and were planted first in Italy and France. 

 Many woods are called Walnut, which are not re- 

 lated to it, such as red gum and prima vera. Hick- 

 ory was formerly known as walnut, being sometimes 

 distinguished as white walnut in Virginia and the 

 States north of the Potomac. 



The shoe-last industry in Missouri has grown to 

 considerable importance, and all of the wood comes 

 from other States. Only two species are reported 

 sugar maple and basswood. The latter is not made 

 into lasts, but a related commodity, fillers or forms. 

 They are inserted in shoes to maintain their shape 

 when not being worn. "Trees" over which rubber 

 boots are made are often of basswood and serve as 

 lasts. Practically all the lasts in this country 

 are of sugar maple. Other woods, such as beech, 

 sycamore and persimmon, are often listed as last 

 material, but in practice they are hardly ever used. 

 Most of the sugar maple in this industry is cut in 

 Michigan. Manufacturers say that the grain and 

 seasoning properties of maple in that region are su- 

 perior to any other. The wood is split in billets, 

 generally large enough to make three lasts, is air- 

 dried two years or more, and then is seasoned sev- 

 eral months in a kiln. Patterns or models for lasts 

 are made by hand, but the lasts are made by ma- 

 chinery. Every change which fashion calls for in 

 the shape of shoes demands a new set of lasts and 

 the old becomes useless. An exhibit of the different 

 shapes of lasts in this country during the past cen- 

 tury would form a valuable exhibit for a museum. 

 St. Louis manufactures great numbers of shoes, but 

 most of tho lasts used there come from outside the 

 State. An average block from which a last is made 

 contains a foot and a half of wood, board measure, 

 and costs about 10 cents. The blo_ck from which a 

 filler is produced contains half a foot of wood. 



The making of advertising signs of wood seems 

 to belong more to the small shop than the large fac- 

 tory. It is customary for a carpenter to cut the 

 board or boards in the desired shape and the village 

 sign painter letters them. They are seen over the 

 doors of blacksmith shops, shoe shops and like 

 places; finger boards at forks of roads, advertise- 

 ments to be nailed on posts and fences, and the 

 more pretentious bill boards which are familiar 

 sights along railroads. When large numbers of 

 wooden signs are wanted such as sewing machine 

 manufacturers, soap sellers and cleaning powder 

 makers employ they are printed by machinery. A 

 higher class of workmanship is demanded for signs 

 with raised letters. Kach letter is cut separately 

 and nailed in place. Redwood from California and 

 white pine from the Lake States are well liked 

 for raised letters. They are easily cut and satisfac-' 

 torily hold their shape. Where signs are to be 

 painted white pine is well suited because the spirits 

 of turpentine in the paint afliliates with the sur- 

 face of the wood. Shortleaf pine is listed for frames 

 In which muslin si& <j are to be displayed. Cypress 

 and redwood work tc advantage when extra wide 

 pieces are desired. 



Sucker rods empk "c*. in pumping deep wells 

 are of hickory and ra rjnd are from 18 to 35 feet 

 long. The chief deman . comes from oil fields. 



Saddle trees, cart trees, stitching horses and 

 whip stocks are grouped as part of a single indus- 

 try in Missouri because they are reported together. 

 The whip stocks are a byproduct of the saddle tree 

 factory and are made from wood cut out in shap- 

 ing the saddle tree. The making of hames is a 

 kindred industry. Woods so employed are white 

 oak, white ash, white elm and beech. Saddle-tree 

 woods are sugar maple, silver maple, white elm, 

 sycamore, white oak, red gum, hackberry, bass- 

 wood and white ash. 



Telephone and telegraph pins are made of white 



THE ST. LOUIS LUMBERMAN. 



oak and locust. It is not improbable that several 

 other oaks contribute to the supply. The chief 

 requisite is that the material must be strong and 

 must resist decay. 



The heads for rocking horses are made of red 

 gum, and the rockers of this toy, and likewise of 

 ahooflies, are made of white elm. The bodies are 

 principally of cypress. 



The value of redwood is insisted upon in the 

 manufacture of ice-cream refrigerators. Next to 

 cork the wood is said to be the best obtainable 

 non-conductor of heat. It is very porous, free from 

 pitch, easily worked and may be obtained in any 

 desired dimension. 



The makers of blacksmiths' bellows prefer cot- 

 tonwood for certain parts of the mechanism be- 

 cause of its lightness, to which is combined suf- 

 ficient strength to meet requirements. 



Stems for tobacco pipes are made of paper birch 

 from Minnesota. It behaves well in the lathe and 

 turns easily and finishes with a good surface. It 

 is liked where accurate cutting is desired because 

 it does not quickly dull tools. Two hundred thou- 

 sand feet of this birch were reported for pipe 

 stems in Missouri. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



79 



to these commodities have been collected yearly 

 by the Bureau of the Census, co-operating with 

 the Forest Service, and in order to make the report 

 on Missouri's wood-using industries more complete, 

 an abridgement of the Census figures is presented 

 in the following paragraphs. The cut of lumber as 

 reported by the Census is shown on page 3 of 

 the report. Certain other forest products are not 

 elsewhere included and are shown in paragraphs 

 which follow. 



Cooperage. 



Cooperage as a whole includes three commodi- 

 ties staves, heading and hoops. Two classes of 

 cooperage are recognized, tight and slack. The 

 former includes barrels and kegs intended to con- 

 tain liquids; the latter those not meant for liquids. 

 The principal commodities shipped in tight coop- 

 erage are oils, alcoholic liquors, molasses, vinegar, 

 and cider. Alcoholic liquors demand the highest 

 grade barrels. The wood of which they are made 

 must be dense or the liquor will leak through the 

 pores. White oak is one of the most serviceable 

 materials for barrels of this kind. Some woods too 

 porous for use in transporting alcohol are satisfac- 

 tory for molasses and certain oils. Slack cooper- 



TABLE XXV. 



Totals - 8,096,326 



100.00 



Total 



cost 



f. o. b. 



factory 



$ 58,310 



27,444 



20,626 



37,060 



11,949 



8,508 



8,735 



4,751 



12,485 



7.000 



4,182 



8,476 



3,950 



1,199 



1,358 



1,459 



589 



1,740 



879 



209 



1,100 



.550 



750 



$ 27.58 $ 223,309 



Grown in 

 Missouri 

 feet 

 B. M. 

 1,965,000 

 224,000 

 400,000 

 17,100 

 51,000 

 11,600 



~2107<)00 

 139,500 



907500 



41,000 

 17,500 

 11,000 

 31,000 

 10,000 



liTobo 



2,400 



3,232,600 



Grown out 



of Missouri 



feet 



B. M. 



1,268,800 



668,700 



425,010 



600,650 



435,000 



353,236 



323,300 



48,900 



71,350 



180,000 



78,000 



168,150 



125,000 



15,000 



27,300 



25,000 



15,460 



""4,600 

 5,000 

 5,000 



4,863,726 



Summary by Industries of Woods Used in Missouri. 



Table XXVI is a summary of all the wood-using 

 industries in Missouri. It is a counterpart of Table 

 I, which is a summary by species. Both tables 

 present the same totals but interpret them in dif- 

 ferent ways. The first shows how much of each 

 wood is used, the cost, etc.; the last shows how 

 much wood of all kinds is demanded by each one 

 of the 24 industries of Missouri. Fifty-six woods 

 are listed in Table I and 24 industries in Table 

 XXVI. In this enumeration "miscellaneous" is 

 classed as an industry, though it is only a group- 

 ing of many items. It is numbered 25. The high- 

 est average price was paid for aeroplane woods, 

 the lowest for that made into excelsior. The box 

 and crate industry demanded the largest amount 

 of wood, aeroplanes the least. Excelsior and valise 

 makers drew the largest per cent of their material 

 from the State, and -five drew none laundry ap- 

 pliances, sporting and athletic goods, patterns, 

 frames and molding and aeroplanes. 



age may be divided into several classes. Paints, 

 sugar, flour, cement and other powdery commodi- 

 ties require barrels almost water tight or the con- 

 tents will sift through; but crockery, potatoes, 

 fruits and articles of that kind go without loss in 

 barrels with large openings between the staves. 



In 1909 slack cooperage was listed in Missouri 

 as follows: 



STAVES. 



Red gum 141,079,000 



Elm 23,176,000 



Ash 18,870,000 



Sycamore 7,250,000 



Maple 3,287,000 



Cottonwood 2,419,000 



Total 196,081,000 



SETS OF HEADING. 



Red gum 4,557,000 



Ash -. 1,435,000 



Maple 85,000 



Cottonwood 75,000 



Elm 20.000 



Total . 6,172,000 



SUMMARY BY INDUSTRIES OF WOODS USED IN MISSOURI. 



TABLE XXVI. 



Average 



cost 



per 



1000 ft. 

 $ 16.41 

 13.92 



36.55 

 30.20 

 34.92 

 27.05 

 18.39 

 37.24 

 27.58 

 19.99 

 18.85 

 24.76 

 11.32 

 22.15 

 25.94 

 32.24 



11.73 

 37.79 

 46.92 

 64.57 

 23.14 

 35.00 

 68.90 

 71.57 



$ 24.12 



Total 

 cost 

 f. o. b. 

 factory 

 $ 1,832,483 

 1,026,698 



2,526,647 



1,555,304 



1,211,701 



761,852 



361,222 



381,618 



223,309 



153,860 



108,529 



108,063 



44,200 



75,090 



81,455 



99,630 



30,012 



36,244 



24,872 



26,937 



6,922 



4,596 



7,580 



1,138 



$10,689,962 



Grown in 

 Missouri 

 per 

 cent 

 25.95 

 96.04 



14.67 

 .76 

 37.96 

 32.53 

 54.58 

 12.50 

 39.93 

 3.90 

 45.17 

 31.47 

 97.31 



CB7 



7.50 



86.18 



15709 



1734 



4.66 



35.80 



Grown out 

 of Missouri 

 per 

 cent 

 74.05 

 3.96 



85.33 

 99.24 

 62.04 

 67.47 

 45.42 

 87.50 

 60.07 

 96.10 

 54.83 

 68.53 

 2.69 

 100.00 

 95.43 

 92.50 



13.82 

 100.00 



84.91 

 100.00 



96.64 

 100.00 



95.45 

 100.00 



64.20 



Less than 1/100 of 1 per cent. 



Additional Statistics. 



The foregoing statistics and discussions are 

 based on a study of the wood-using industries of 

 Missouri made by the United States Forest Serv- 

 ice in 1911. H was explained on a preceeding page 

 that this study did not include the rough lumber 

 cut by sawmills unless it was further manufac- 

 tured, nor the output of shingles, lath, cooperage, 

 wood-distillation, cross-ties, veneers and telegraph 

 and telephone poles. However, stastistics relating 



HOOF'S. . 



Elm.. 43,723,000 



Red gum 2,500,000 



Total 46,223,000 



The output of tight cooperage staves in 1909 was 

 22,420,000 and of heading 557,744 sets. 



LATH. 

 19,931,000 % 64,4121 



SHINGLES. 

 51,932,000 $105,923 



