Jordan and Evermann. Fishes of North America. 2895 



Ray. One of the cartilaginous rods which support the membrane of the 



fin of a fish. 



Recurved. Curved upward. 

 Reticulate. Marked with a network of lines. 

 Retrorse. Turned backward. 

 Rudimentary. Undeveloped. 

 Rugose. Rough with wrinkles. 



Sacral. Pertaining to the sacrum, or vertebras of the pelvic region. 

 Scapula. Shoulder blade ; in fishes, the bone of the shoulder girdle below 



the post- temporal. 

 Scapular arch. Shoulder girdle. 

 Scute. Any external bony or horny plate. 

 Second dorsal. The posterior or soft part of the dorsal fin, when the two 



parts are separated. 

 Septum. A thin partition. 

 Serrate. Notched, like a saw. 

 Sessile. Without a stem or peduncle. 

 Setaceous. Bristly. 

 Setiform. Bristle-like. 

 Shaft. Stiff axis of a quill. 

 Shoulder girdle. The bony girdle posterior to the head, to which the 



anterior limbs are attached (post-temporal, scapula, and coracoid or 



clavicle). 

 Soft dorsal. The posterior part of the dorsal fin in fishes, when composed 



of soft rays. 



Soft rays. Fin rays which are articulate and usually branched. 

 Spatulate. Shaped like a spatula. 

 Sphenoid. Basal bone of skull. 

 Sphenotic. A lateral bone of the skull. 

 Spine. Any sharp projecting point; in fishes those fin rays which are un- 



branched, inarticulate, and usually, but not always, more or less 



stiffened. 



Spinous. Stiff or composed of spines. 

 Spinous dorsal. The anterior part of the dorsal fin when composed of 



spinous rays. 



Spiracles. Openings in the head and neck of some fishes and batrachiaus. 

 Stellate. Star-like; with radiating ridges. 

 Striate. Striped or streaked. 



Sub (in composition). Less than; somewhat; not quite; under, etc. 

 Subcaudal. Under the tail. 



Subopercle. The bone immediately below the opercle (the suture connect- 

 ing the two often hidden by scales). 

 Suborbital. Below the eye. 

 Suborbital stay. A bone extending from one of the suborbital bones in 



certain fishes, across the cheek, to or toward the preopercle. 

 Subulate. Awl-shaped. 



Superciliary. Pertaining to the region of the eyebrow. 

 Superior pliarync/eals. Synonym of pharyngobrauchials, q. v. 

 Supplemental maxillary. A small bone lying along upper edge of the 



maxillary in some fishes. 



Supraclavicle. A bone interposed between the clavicle and the post- 

 temporal. 

 Siipraoccipital. The bone at posterior .part of skull in fishes, usually with 



a raised crest above. 

 Supraoral. Above the mouth. 

 Supraorbital. Above the eye. 

 Suprascapular. The post-temporal or bone by which the -shoulder girdle 



in fishes is joined to the skull. 



Suspensorium. The chain of bones from the hyomandibular to the palatine. 

 Suspensory bones. Bones by which the lower jaw, in fishes, is fastened to 



the skull. 



