200 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. 



prices received by the southern California associations during the 

 past few years have ranged between 12 and 15 cents per pound for No. 1 

 soft shells, about 1 cent less for No. 1 hard shells, and about 3 cents 

 less for No. 2s than No. Is. Some income is also derived from culls, 

 which, if fairly good, may bring at least 5 cents per pound, and also 

 from the selling of meats which are removed by hand from the broken 

 or very poorly sealed nuts. The grower usually receives about one 

 cent less per pound than the fixed price, this difference representing 

 a portion of the broker's commission and packing-house expenses. The 

 remainder of these expenses is covered by a small profit made by the 

 associations on the sacks, which are bought through the general asso- 

 ciation at very low rates. 



PROPAGATION OF THE WALNUT. 



In starting a walnut orchard various methods of procedure are pos- 

 sible, all of which have their merits and their enthusiastic supporters. 

 Of these methods the three following are most important : Planting the 

 nuts in place in orchard form for subsequent grafting when the trees 

 are large enough ; planting nursery-grown seedlings in orchard form for 

 subsequent grafting, and the use of nursery-grafted trees for orchard 

 planting. 



ROOTSTOCKS. 



Inasmuch as various roots upon which to grow the English walnut 

 are available, it is not to be expected that any one species will necessa- 

 rily be the best under all conditions. It would rather seem reasonable 

 that the walnut, like most fruit trees, would do better on some soils 

 or under some conditions upon one kind of root, while under other 

 conditions a different root would be most suitable. In the case of the 

 walnut much still remains to be done in regard to testing various roots. 

 The planting of grafted trees is so recent that very little careful test- 

 ing has been done and in the majority of cases it is only known in 

 regard to the root that they are " English" or "Black," the latter 

 including all sorts of forms. After discarding the English root, which 

 nurserymen have now done quite universally, they have in most cases 

 simply gathered nuts from the most convenient black walnut trees, and 

 thus we have among the so-called black walnut roofs both the northern 

 and southern California species, some straight eastern and many hybrids 

 of various mixtures and generations. It is therefore possible to tell 

 very little from existing plantings as to root, since it would be necessary 

 to know the particular tree from which certain seedlings came in order 

 to duplicate them. A few of the most advanced nurserymen have com- 

 menced in recent years to segregate seedlings of the various species, 

 hybrids, and those from cer.ain individual 1rops. and it is only in this 



