330 CORONADC-'S MARCH. 



ruin. Bat the guide hurried us on half a mile further, when appeared 

 the ruins of a city indeed. Crumbling walls from 2 to i'2 feet high were 

 crowded together in confused heaps over several acres of ground. Upon 

 examining the pueblo we found that the standing walls rested upon 

 ruins of greater antiquity. The primitive masonry, as well as we could 

 judge, must have been about 6 feet thick. The more recent was not 

 more than a foot, but the small sandstone blocks had been laid in mud 

 mortar with considerable care."* 



Now I take it that old Zirni was one of the seven towns of Cibola, 

 called by Coronado " Grenada, because it was somewhat like to it;"t and 

 the narrow winding icay, ascending which Coronado was knocked down 

 by stones hurled upon him by the defenders,! was in all probability the 

 very zigzag approach mentioned by Whipple, and which he found so 

 difficult in his ascent to the ruins. 



The other six towns were doubtless Zufii of the present day, and those 

 whose ruins are to be found still further up the valley, showing the}' had 

 been stone structures, and to which I refer in my report before referred 

 to, as follows: "Within a few yards of us are several heaps of pueblo 

 ruins. Two of them, on examination, I found to be of elliptical shape 

 and approximating 1,000 feet in circuit. The buildings seem to have 

 been chiefly built on the periphery of an ellipse, having a large interior 

 court ; but their style and the details of their construction, except that 

 they were built of stone and mud mortar, are not distinguishable in the 

 general mass. The areas of each are now so overgrown with bushes and 

 so much commingled with mother earth as, except on critical examina- 

 tion, to be scarcely distinguishable from natural mounds. The usual 

 quantum of pottery lies scattered around. The governor of Zuiii, who 

 is again on a visit to us, informs us that the ruins I have just described, 

 as also those seen a couple of miles back, are the ruins of pueblos which 

 his people formerly inhabited." 



There are other circumstances of relative position of places which 

 point most indubitably to the same conclusion, as follows : Castaueda 

 repeatedly states that Cibola was the first inhabited province they met 

 going north from Chichilticale after they crossed the desert, and the last 

 they left before entering the desert on their return to Mexico. Again, 

 the present relations to each other of Zufii and the Moqui Pueblos, and 

 also of Acoma, perched on a mesa height, in regard to courses and dis- 

 tances tally sufficiently near with the positions of Tusayan and Acuco, 

 as given by Castaileda, namely, the former northwest 25 leagues and the 

 \latter eastwardly five days' journey from Cibola,j| as to make it exceed- 

 ' ingly probable that they refer to the same localities.^] Again, Castaiiedo, 



* Pacific R. R. Reports, vol. iii. pp. 



t Coronado's Relation, Hakluyt, vol. iii, p. 451. 



t " Cependant il fallait s'emparer de Cibola ce qni n'dtait pas chose facile, car le 

 chemin qui y coriduissat 6tait e"troit et tortnenx. Le General fut renverse d'nn coup 

 de pierre en inontant a I'assaut," &c. Castaiieda's Rel., Ternaux Compans, p. 43. 



Simpson's Journal, p. 97. 



|| Castanecla's Relations, Ternanx Compans, pp. 58, 07, 68, 69, 70, 165. 



1IMr. Squier, in his article on the "Ancient Monuments, &c., in New Mexico and Cal- 

 ifornia," in American Review for November, 1 J -H. gives the position of Tusayan from 

 Cibola, loth northeast and northwest from Cibola, and on his map accompanying Mr. 

 Albert Gallatin's Essay, in the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. 

 ii, he has placed it in a northeast direction. The proper direction of Tusayan with 

 regard to Cibola is northwest. (See Castaneda's Relations, Ternaux Compans. p. 165.) 

 Besides Cardenas, on his way to the Rio del Tizon, (Colorado,) passed through Tnsayau 

 from Cibola, which makes it all very natural if Tnsayan was northwest from Cibola, 

 but would not be so if it was in a northeast direction, as laid down on Mr. Squier's 



