BAB 



[100] 



BAR 



BARBADOES CEDAB. Juni'perus Barla- 

 de'nsis. 



BARBADOES CHERRY. Malpi'ghia. 



BARBADOES GOOSEBERRY. Perc'skla. 



BARBADOES LILY. Hippea'slrum eque's- 

 tris. 



BARBA'REA. Winter Cress. (From be- 

 ing formerly called the herb of Sta. Bar- 

 bara. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. 

 Jjinn.,lQ-Tctr adynamia. Allied to Arabis.) 



All hardy herbaceous perennials, except B. 

 stri'cta. Division ; common soil. 

 J3. arcua'ta (bowed). 2. Yellow. July. Ger- 

 many. 1833. 



orthoce'rus (straight-podded). 1$. Yellow. 



June. 



prasfcox (ea.rly-Biit/i'ivlt-cress'). l. Yellow. 

 October. England. 



atri'cta (upright). Yellow. Britain. Hardy 



biennial. Raised from seed. 



vulga'ris (common). l. Yellow. July. Britain. 



BARBERRY. (Be'rberis vulga'ris.} There 

 are five varieties of the Common Bar- 

 berry : the red, without and with stones ; 

 the black sweet, which is tender, and re- 

 quires a sheltered border ; the purple ; 

 and the white. The seedless (JB. vulga'ris 

 aspe'rma) is mostly preferred for pre- 

 serving purposes. The fruit is acid, and 

 the bark is very astringent. 



Propagation. Suckers, cuttings, and 

 layers may be employed, either in the 

 spring or autumn. The seed is very 

 rarely used. 



Soil. A sandy or calcareous soil, with 

 a dry sub-soil, suits it best. 



Culture. It requires no other pruning 

 than such as is necessary to keep it 

 within bounds. As the fruit is very te- 

 dious to gather, it is well to keep the 

 middle of the tree open by pruning, 

 somewhat like gooseberry-pruning. Their 

 spines are so formidable, that we have 

 known the common kinds used with good 

 effect to stop gaps in hedges liable to 

 much trespass. 



Fruit. This is fully ripe in October 

 and is gathered in entire bunches for 

 preserving, pickling, and candying. 



Diseases. It is liable to be infected 

 with a parasitical fungus, once believed 

 to be the same as that which is the mil- 

 dew on wheat ; but they are now known 

 to be different species. That which preys 

 upon the Barberry is Puccinia, and that 

 which attacks Wheat is Uredo. 



BARBIE'RIA. (Named after J. B. G. 

 Sarbier, M.D. t a French naturalist. Nat. 

 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 

 Xinn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Al- 

 lied to Cajanus.) 



Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 

 ripened wood in sand, under a glass ; sandy peat, 

 bummer temp., 68 to 85; winter, 50 to 55. 



B. polyphy'lla (many-leaved). Reddish-purple. 

 Porto Rico. 1818. 



BARK. The refuse bark from the tan- 

 ner's yard is employed by the gardener 

 as a source of heat, and, when thoroughly 

 broken down by putrefaction, as a ma- 

 nure. 



As a source of heat, it is much less used 

 than formerly, flues, steam, and the hot- 

 water system having very generally and 

 most deservedly superseded it. Bark for 

 heating requires frequent stirring and re- 

 newing, and, if too much moisture be 

 added, is apt to give out an excessive and 

 irregular heat. In addition, it is a trou- 

 blesome harbour for predatory insects. 



Bark fresh from the tan-yard, being 

 thrown lightly together under a shed, 

 must be gently moistened, if dry, and 

 turned over twice a-week, to expose 11 

 its particles to the air. Unless this be 

 done the fermentation will not be gene- 

 ral or regular. This is to be continued 

 for a mouth or five weeks, in warm wea- 

 ther the shorter time being requisite; 

 and then, having acquired a general and 

 equal heat, it is ready for use in the 

 stove. Usually it will continue to afford 

 heat for a period varying between three 

 and six months, but sometimes ceases to 

 ferment without any apparent cause. 

 Whenever the heat declines, the tan 

 must be taken out, sifted, the dusty parts 

 removed, and some fresh tan added. 

 Sometimes turning the old tan and moist- 

 ening it will be sufficient. 



It is desirable, on the first formation 

 of a bed, to mix new and old tan to- 

 gether, in which case the quantity of new 

 bark to be brought into the pit will de 

 pend upon the goodness of the bark, and 

 the bottom-heat required. As much new- 

 tan as will fill two-third parts of the 

 bark-pit, with a mixture of old, rotten, 

 reduced almost to earth, will produce a 

 bottom-heat of about 85. When old tan 

 with higher remains of strength is used 

 to modify the new, the same heat may be 

 produced, if the quantity be not more 

 than half the capacity of the pit. This 

 refers to a new pit. After a bark-bed 

 has been in action, partial renewals of 

 bark, to keep up the heat, are frequently 

 sufficient, in the reduced proportion of 

 one-third, one-sixth, one-twelfth, or less. 

 At intermediate stages between the par- 



