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heat, is quite sufficient. As light increases 

 with a returning spring, the thermometer 

 may be permitted to advance a little. In 

 light houses, a thermometer of 50 to 

 55 will do no injury. Here, however, 

 shading will, at times, he requisite. 



Fruit, uses, &c. Besides forming, in its 

 natural state, one of the adjuncts of the 

 modern dessert, these fruits are used in 

 a variety of forms, hoth in confectionery, 

 sweetmeats, and liqueurs. Thus, the Se- 

 ville, Bizarade, or Bitter Orange, having 

 a very hitter rind, is used for marmalade, 

 bitter tinctures, candied peel, and for fla- 

 vouring cura?oa. The Bizarades are the 

 kinds used principally for the production 

 of cut blossoms by the French gardeners. 

 The Bergamot has a pear-like fragrance : 

 from this the perfumer obtains his ber- 

 gamot essences. The Lime is used in 

 flavouring punch and confectionery. The 

 Shaddock has a cooling and refreshing 

 juice; and the fruit is a splendid addi- 

 tion, in appearance, to the dessert. The 

 Lemon is too well known to need com- 

 ment. The Citronis used for sweetmeats, 

 lemonade, and to flavour negus and 

 punch. 



Diseases. We are not aware of any- 

 thing which may be strictly termed a dis- 

 ease of this genus. A black fungus is fre- 

 quently found on the leaf, having the 

 appearance of soot, and perhaps arguing 

 a corrupt atmosphere, through a too close 

 confinement. This must be cleaned away, 

 by a sponge, with warm water. 



Insects. The aphis and the scale (coc- 

 cus) are amongst its principal enemies. 

 The former may at all times be readily 

 destroyed by fumigation ; the latter may 

 be rubbed off by means of sponge bound 

 on a stick, frequently dipping the sponge 

 in a liquor consisting of two ounces of 

 soft soap beat up in a gallon of water. 



CLADA'NTHUS. (From klados, a branch, 

 and anthos, a flower ; flowering at the end 

 of the branches. Nat. ord., Composites 

 [Asterace]. Linn., I9-Syngenesia 2- 

 Superflua. Allied to Anthemis.) 



The annual from seeds, in April ; the evergreen 

 from cuttings, under a glass ; common soil. 

 C.Ara'bicus( Arabian). 2. Yellow. July. Bom- 

 bay. 1759. Hardy annual. 

 cane'scens (whitish). 1. Yellow. June. 

 Canaries. 182Q. Greenhouse evergreen. 



CLA'RKIA. (Named after Captain Clark. 

 Nat. ord., Onagrads [Onagracese]. Linn., 

 %-Diandria 1-Monogynia.) 



Hardy annuals, Seeds in common border, in 



March ; or, in September, in reserve-garden, 

 protected with a few brunches in frosty weather, 

 and transplanted, in spring, in patches, when they 

 will bloom early. 

 C. e'legans (elegant). 2. Rose, purple. July. 



California. 1832. 

 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). l. Pale 



rose. September. Gardens. 182/. 

 rhornboi'dea (diamond-petaled). Purple. 



June. N. Amer. 1823. 



gauroi'des (traura-like). 1. Pink. August. 



California. 1S35. 



pulche'lla (pretty). 2. June. N. Amer. 1826. 

 -. flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 2. White. 



June. N. Amer. 1826. 



CLAIIY. (Sa'lvia scla'rea.) Its leaves 

 are sometimes used in soups and medi- 

 cated wines. A very small number of 

 plants is sufficient for a family. Sow 

 early in April, or a month earlier, in any 

 light-soiled border. Thin the plants to 

 two feet apart. The sowing must be an- 

 nual. Seed may be saved by allowing 

 some plants to run up the next spring. 

 They ripen their seed in September. 



CLAUSE'NA. (Derivation not explained. 

 Nat. ord., Citronworts [Aurantiacese], 

 Linn., IQ-Decandria i-3'Ionogynia.) 



Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots ia 

 sand, under a glasi, in heat. Loam and peat, 

 Summer temp., 6u to 80; winter, 50 to 60. 

 C.pentaphy'lla(five-lc&\ed). 20. White. July- 

 Coromandel. 1800. 



CLAVI'JA. (Named after Clavija, a 

 Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Ardisiads 

 [Myrsinacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 

 Monogynia. Allied to Theophrasta.) 



Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripe 

 shoots in sandy loam, with sand above, under 

 a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. 

 Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 

 C. macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. White. Peru. 

 1816. 



orna'ta (adorned). 12. Orange. Caraccas. 1828. 



CLAY is a constituent of all fertile soils, 

 though in these it rarely exceeds one- 

 sixteenth part, and generally bears a 

 much smaller relative proportion to the 

 other constituents. In its pure state it 

 is known as alumina. It is the best of 

 all additions to light, unretentive soils; 

 for it retains moisture much more power- 

 fully than any other earth. M. Schubler 

 found, that when silicious sand lost 

 eighty-eight parts of moisture, and chalky 

 sand seventy-six, stiff clay, in the same 

 time, lost only thirty-five parts. 



Clay soils are the worst that can be for 

 gardens ; for there is scarcely one of the 

 crops there cultivated that is not injured 

 by stagnant water, which can scarcely be 

 prevented in clay soils at some seasons ; 

 and, in wet weather, clayey soils cannot 



