FUG 



L 301 ] 



FUE 



is over set the young plants out of doors 

 in some open place in the garden. The 

 older plants may either be thrown away 

 or be planted out in the borders, it noi 

 being worth while to keep them the thirc 

 year. When the frost begins to appear 

 take the plants undercover, either under 

 the stage of the greenhouse, or in a back 

 shed, or even a cellar, where the severe 

 frost cannot reach them ; here they may 

 remain without water till the potting 

 time comes round again. 



Soil. Mellow, strong, yellow loam one- 

 half, well - decomposed hotbed manure 

 one-quarter, and one year old decayed 

 tree leaves one quarter, all thoroughly 

 mixed, will form a suitable compost. 



Insects. The green fly and red spider 

 are very apt to find their way to the 

 young shoots. See APHIS and ACABUS. 



Open Border Culture. The whole of 

 those having the habit of the old coc- 

 ci'nea, virya'ta, co'tiica, gra'cilis, globo'sa, 

 &c., are well-fitted for flower-garden, pur- 

 poses ; requiring no attention but cutting 

 them down after the first frost, and cover- 

 ing the stools with moss, coal-ashes, or 

 other litter, to exclude the frost, removing 

 it in April, and thinning the shoots in 

 May. When it is desirable to keep such 

 kinds as coccl'nea as dwarf as globo'sa, 

 raising the plants out of the ground in 

 May, and shaking the soil from them 

 before transplanting them, will be effec- 

 tual. This, also, furnishes a good means 

 for increasing the stock. Good stout 

 cuttings of the stems, planted at the 

 end of October, in the open ground, will 

 furnish nice little plants in spring, if the 

 ground is covered with moss or litter ; 

 for though what is above ground will be 

 killed, what is below the moss will be 

 safe. Those like fu'lgens in their habit 

 must be kept dry if left out ; it is better 

 to take them up, and house them in a 

 shed where frost will not reach them. 

 Standards of any kinds for the lawn may 

 be thus inserted in dry earth in a shed, 

 and transplanted again in April or May. 

 Most of the hybrids will stand the winter 

 in the open garden, and push strongly 

 in the spring, if, in addition to being 

 kept from frost, they are also kept'dvy. 

 Though thus able to endure cold, they will, 

 also, stand a high temperature and a 

 moist atmosphere when growing, and, in 

 these circumstances, grow with great 

 rapidity. F. cnrymbiflo'ra must have the 

 wood well ripened, and not be pruned too 



close. Specta'liJis and serratifo' lia are 

 late blowers, and must be treated accord- 

 ingly. All sorts in pots look best trained 

 to a simple stern. 



FUEL is no small item in the annual 

 expenditure of the stove, greenhouse, 

 and conservatory departments, and there- 

 fore deserves consideration. The cheap- 

 est of all fuel is the breeze, or small coke, 

 procurable at gas-works. 



The heating qualities of the different 

 coals known in Great Britain are in the 

 following proportions : 



Scotch Cannel - - - - 199 



Lancashire Wigan - - - - lyt) 



Yorkshire Cannel - - - - 138 



Newcastle (best Wallsend)- - - lf>9 



Gloucestershire (Forest of Dean) - lOrf 



Welsh (common) 25 



Hence, if the Scotch Cannel coal cost 

 19s., when the Gloucestershire could be 

 had for 10s. per chaldron, the latter 

 would be no cheaper ; for the heating 

 powers of the first are as 199 to 108 of 

 the latter. In other words, 108 chaldrons 

 of Scotch would afford as much heat as 

 199 chaldrons of Staffordshire. 



The following are the quantities of the 

 fuels named required to heat eight gallons 

 of water, from 52 to 112. 



lb. 



Caking coals- - -1.2 

 Splint or hard coal - - -\o,o 

 Cannel Coal ..... f-*** 

 Cherry or soft coal - - - - 1.5 

 Wood of lime - - - - 3.10 



- beech - - - - 3.16 



- - elm .... 3.62 



- oak (chips) - - - 4.20 



- ash .... 3.50 



- - maple - - - - 3.00 



- . service - 3. 



cherry 

 fir 



poplar 

 hornbeam 



3. -20 

 3.52 

 - 3.10 

 3.37 



Peat (average, not compressed) - 76 

 Charcoal of wood - - - - J .52 

 peat - - 3.28 



It is essential to good and profitable 

 uel that it should be free from moisture ; 

 for unless it be dry, much of the heat 

 which it generates is consumed in con- 

 erting that moisture into vapour : he.nce 

 the superior value of old dense, dry wood, 

 to that which is porous and damp. A 

 >ound of dry will heat thirty-five pounds 

 )f water from 32 to 212; but a pound 

 )f the same wood in a moist or fresh 

 itate will not similarly heat more thaa 

 wenty-five pounds. The value, therefore, 

 >f different woods for fuel is nearly iu- 

 'ersely, as their moisture ; and this may 

 >e readily ascertained by finding how 



