MO^^MOUTHSHIRE, NORFOLK, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 21 



incoming tenant is bound to take all the wlieat-straw and hay left on 

 the farm at a market price, and the Lenten straw at a consuming price. 

 Tenants under yearl}^ holdings arc allowed to sell all their straw at a 

 market price, while those under lease may only sell their wheat-straw ; 

 and it is the custom not to sow more than two white-straw crops in 

 succession. The outgoing tenant is allowed for dressings and half- 

 dressings, but scarcely anything for unexhausted improvements. There 

 is no allowance for guano or bones; and in valuing manure, no evidence 

 is called for as to what cake has been used. The tenant-right is, in 

 fact, of a most limited character. 



Monmouthshire. — See Herefordshire. 



Norfolk. — On the Holkham estate the leases are for 21 years, and on 

 others for 8, 12, or 16 years. Tenants-at-will are comparatively few. 

 The entry is always on October 11th. The four-course shift is pretty 

 universal, viz., one-fourth turnips or mangold-wurtzels, one-fourth 

 barley, one-fourth grass, and one-fourth wheat ; and occasionally, on 

 part of the land sown with mangold-wurtzel, that crop is followed by 

 wheat instead of barley. The Norfolk covenant applies strictly to 

 root-crops, and not to tillages. For the latter there is no valuation. 

 The root-crop itself is valued at Michaelmas, and is paid for by the in- 

 coming tenant, as are also the hay and the manure left in the farm-yard. 

 Latterly it has been the custom to value the hay a little above the con- 

 suming price. The incoming tenant either sows the seeds in the last 

 year, or pays the seed-bill of the out-going tenant, who is bound to 

 harrow and roll the land so sown. There is no away-going crop, but 

 the incoming tenant takes the straw, chaflp, and colder, for which he 

 carries the corn to market. This is the practice on the Holkham estate, 

 but on other properties the incoming tenant lias generally to pay for the 

 thrashing and dressing of the crop, as well as for carrying it to market. 

 On the Holkham estate the drainage is all done by the landlord, who 

 charges a per-centage ; the buildings are put in good repair by hiu], 

 and the tenant is expected to keep the walls and houses generally in 

 order : but new roofs are paid for by the landlord. 



Korthamptonsldre. — The periods of entry are Michaelmas and Lady- 

 day, but the latter is the most general. At the Michaelmas entry, the 

 custom of the country is to pay for acts of husbandry, seed, and labour, 

 and for dead fallows. The outgoing tenant is entitled to the full value 

 of his turnips, or he may eat them on the land, so that it is cleared by 

 April 5th. Unless the incoming tenant takes his crops, or his hay and 



