PYROLA FAMILY 177 



6. C. stolonifera Michx. RED OSIER DOGWOOD. A shrub 3-15 ft. 

 high, with smooth, reddish-purple bark on all the younger twigs; 

 spreading by suckers from the base and therefore the steins usually 

 'clustered. Leaves on rather slender petioles, acute or taper-pointed, 

 rounded or tapered at the base ; covered, at least beneath, by very fine, 

 closely appressed hairs. Fruit white or nearly so, globose, ^ in. or 

 more in diameter. Common in wet ground, especially N. 



7. C. alternifolia L. f. ALTERNATE -LEAVED DOGWOOD. A shrub or 

 small tree; twigs greenish, striped. Leaves alternate, often clustered 

 at the ends of the twigs, long-petioled, oval, acute at the apex and 

 often at the base, minutely toothed, pale and covered with fine, ap- 

 pressed hairs beneath. Cymes loose and open; flowers white. Fruit 

 deep blue. Banks of streams.* 



H. NYSSA L. 



Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, entire or few- 

 toothed. Flowers somewhat monoecious or dioecious, the 

 staminate in many-flowered heads or cymes, the pistillate in 

 small clusters or solitary. Calyx tube 5-toothed or truncate. 

 Petals minute or wanting. Stamens 5-10. Ovary 1-celled, 

 1-ovuled ; style long and recurved. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. 



1. N. sylvatica Marsh. BLACK GUM. A tree with widely spread- 

 ing branches and dark, rough bark ; wood light-colored, very tough ; 

 base of trunk often enlarged. Leaves often clustered at the -ends of 

 the twigs, oval or obovate, taper-pointed or obtuse at the apex, entire, 

 smooth and shining above, downy beneath, becoming bright red in 

 autumn. Staminate flowers in heads; pistillate flowers 3-10, in a 

 long-peduncled cluster. Fruit ovoid, dark blue or nearly black, t in. 

 long; stone slightly ridged. In rich, wet soil S. and E.* 



2. N. aquatica L. TUPELO. A large tree, similar to the preceding. 

 Leaves long-petioled, oval or ovate, acute at each end, entire or 

 coarsely toothed, the lower sometimes heart-shaped, smooth above, 

 downy beneath, 4-8 in. long. Staminate flowers in heads ; pistillate 

 flowers on long peduncles, solitary. Fruit ovoid, dark blue; stone 

 sharply ridged. In swamps S. and E.* 



75. PYROLACE^. PYROLA FAMILY 



Perennial herbs, evergreen or else pale and without chlo- 

 rophyll. Petals usually free from each other and falling off 

 separately after flowering. Stamens hypogynous, the anthers 



