194 THE COMPLETE ANGLER. 



pieces of bents and rushes, and straws, and water weeds, and I 

 know not what ; which are so knit together with condensed 

 slime, that they stick about her husk, or case, not unlike the 

 bristles of a hedgehog. These three cadises are commonly 

 taken in the beginning of summer ; and are good, indeed, to 

 take any kind of fish with float or otherwise. I might tell you 

 of many more, which as these do early, so those have their time 

 also of turning to be flies later in summer ; but I might lose 

 myself, and tire you, by such a discourse : I shall therefore but 

 remember you, that to know these and their several kinds, and 

 to what flies every particular cadis turns, and then how to use 

 them, first as they be cadis, and after as they be flies, is an art, 

 and an art that every one that professes to be an angler has not 

 leisure to search after, and, if he had, is not capable of learning.* 



* The several sorts of Phryganea, or cadews, in their nympha, or maggot 

 state, thus house themselves : one sort in straws, called from thence straw- 

 worms ; others, in two or more sticks, laid parallel to one another, creeping 

 at the bottom of brooks ; others, with a small bundle of pieces of rushes, 

 duck-weed, sticks, &c. glued together, wherewith they float on the top, 

 and can row themselves therein about the waters with the help of their 

 feet : both these are called cad-hait. Divers sorts there are, which the 

 reader may see a summary of from Mr Willoughby, in Rail Method. Insect. 

 p. 12. together with a good, though very brief, description of the fly that 

 comes from the cad-bait cadew. It is a notable architectonic faculty, 

 which all the variety of these animals have, to gather such bodies as are 

 fittest for their purpose, and then to glue them together ; some to be heavier 

 than water, that the animal may remain at bottom, where its food is ; 

 (for which purpose they use stones, together with sticks, rushes, &c.) 

 and some to be lighter than water, to float on the top, and gather its food 

 from thence. These little houses look coarse, and shew no great artifice 

 outwardly ; but are well tunnelled, and made within, with a hard tough 

 paste, into which the hind part of the maggot is so fixed, that it can draw 

 its cell after it any where, without danger of leaving it behind ; as also 

 thrust out his body to reach what it wanteth, or withdraw it into its cell 

 to guard it against harms. Physico Theology, 234. 



Thus much of cadis in general, as an illustration of what our author has 

 said on that subject. But to be more particular : 



That which Walton calls the piper cadis I have never seen ; but a very 

 learned and ingenious friend of mine, who has for fifty years past been an 

 angler, and a curious observer of aquatic productions, has furnished me 

 with an account of that insect, which I shall give the reader in nearly his 

 own words : 



" The piper cadis I take to be the largest of the tribe, and that it takes 

 its name not from any sound, but figure. 1 never met with it but in rivers 

 running upon beds of limestone, or large pebbles ; they are common in 

 northern and Welsh streams. The cadew itself is about an inch long, and in 

 some above. The case is straight and rough ; the outward surface covered 

 with gravel or sand ; the fistula, or pipe, in which it is contained, seems to 

 be a small stick, of which the pith was quite decayed, before the insect, in 

 its state immediately succeeding the egg, lodged itself. Advanced to an 

 aurelia, which is generally in April, or the beginning of May, it leaves its 

 case and last covering, a sort of thin skin resembling a fish's bladder, (and 

 this is likewise the method of the whole genus, as far as I could ever observe,) 

 and immediately puddles upon the top of the water with its many legs. 

 It seldom flies, though it has four wings ; and of these wings it is to oe 

 observed, that in the infant fctate of the insect, namely, for a week or 

 longer, they are shorter than the body, but afterward they grow to be full 

 as long or longer. This is usully called by sportsmen, the stone-fly] in 



