Forest 7'v/v.v and their Relations to Burns 21 



III. Composite or Transition type. 



IV. Fir type. 



V. Sub-alpine type. 



WOODLAND TYPE. 



The coniferous woodland is usually found at an elevation 

 of 5,000 to 7,000 feet over gentle slopes which have a moderate 

 to deep soil of gravel or heavy adobe. Occasionally the type 

 extends higher than this on the south slopes which are exposed 

 severely to the sun, lack in soil depth, and have a severe wind 

 sweep. The principal species are Pinon Pine (Finns edtdis 

 Engelm.), Alligator Juniper (Juniper us pach\phloea Tou.), 

 One-seeded Juniper (funiperus monosperma Sarg.) and Gambrl 

 Oak (Qncrcus gambclii Xutt.). Occasional specimens of Emory 

 Oak (Quercus emoryi Tou.) and Canyon Live Oak (Quercus 

 chrysolcpsis Liebm.) are also found. These species normally 

 occur in orchard-like stands with a density of 0.1 to 0.3 or 

 rarely more. Bunch grass is common and in some cases may 

 form an almost complete ground cover. 



In this sub-type, surface fires are almost universal 

 although crown fires have been reported in other regions. The 

 principal causes of fires in this type are from herdsmen and 

 campers. Lightning causes fewer fires in this type than in the 

 higher class forests. Where grazing is severe and the grass is 

 given little opportunity to grow, fires may be rare but if the 

 grass has made a luxuriant growth and has not been grazed, 

 serious damage may result. Where grazing is moderate and 

 herdsmen are careful, there should be only slight danger from 

 fire. 



Where cordwood operations have been carried on, fire 

 danger to reproduction may be increased since most of 

 it occurs in the partial shade of the old trees and brush 

 is usually scattered over this reproduction to some extent. 

 In some cases, it may be advisable to lop the brush and scatter 

 it. In general, it is believed that more stringent care should be 

 taken in preventing fires since the brush is naturally widely 

 scattered because of the distance between the trees and because 

 clean cutting has not been practiced on government land to any 

 extent. In normal surface fires, the species suffer according 

 to the following list in which the worst affected species are 

 placed first : Pinon Pine, One-seeded Juniper, Alligator Juniper, 

 Gambel Oak, Emory Oak, Canyon Live Oak. 



The open nature of this sub-type and comparatively level 

 land permits easy access to fires. Once the fire is reached, 



