22 Forest Club Annual 



effective fighting may be done by placing the men at consider- 

 able distances from each other. Heavy iron rakes, hoes, shovels 

 and burlap or canvas are effective in controlling the fire. The 

 rakes are especially valuable where lanes are necessary while 

 the other tools are best where fallen logs need to be extinguished. 

 Rapid work with heavy burlap or canvas is often the best 

 method of fighting. The man in charge should place his 

 strongest, quickest men at this kind of work and leave the slower, 

 weaker men to extinguish fallen trees and old logs. 



The second sub-type is found along stream courses at lower 

 elevations. The principal hardwoods found here are Mexican 

 Walnut (Juglans rupestris Engelm.), White Alder (Alnus 

 rhotnbifolia Nutt.), California Sycamore (Platanus racemosa 

 Nutt.), and Box Elder (Acer negundo Linn.). In places, a 

 large portion of the stand is White Fir (Abies concolor Parry) 

 and Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga taxijolia Britton). 



These species occur in fairly dense stands along the streams. 

 This type is of comparatively little importance as far as utili- 

 zation is concerned but because of the moist situation on which 

 it occurs and the fire resistance of the species, it may be of some 

 aid in fighting fire. It nearly always serves as a natural barrier 

 along which fire may be checked with comparative ease. 



WESTERN YELLOW PINE TYPE. 



The Western Yellow Pine type occurs approximately 

 between the elevations of 6,500 and 9,000 feet. However, on the 

 southern slopes, it may be found much higher where soil and 

 moisture conditions are favorable. This species prefers fairly 

 deep loam or adobe. On the north slopes where the soil is rich 

 in humus, this type is rarely found above 8,000 feet, since these 

 conditions favor tolerance, and exclude Western Yellow Pine 

 (Finns ponderosa Laws.). This type is made up almost wholly 

 of W r estern Yellow Pine although a few scattering trees of 

 Douglas Fir may be found occasionally. On the moister 

 situations, it occurs in fairly dense stands but under average 

 conditions it seldom exceeds a density of 0.4 to 0.5 which is due 

 to the site and light requirements of the species. The repro- 

 duction on these moister situations may be extremely dense. In 

 one locality, 476 saplings under 4 inches in diameter were counted 

 on an acre. Such a stand is an exception but fairly dense stands 

 occur often enough to materially accelerate the spread of the fire. 



This type supports very little underbrush. In the transition 

 areas between the Western Yellow Pine and coniferous wood- 

 land types, the species found in the latter may occur as an under- 



