Grazing Investigations on Our National Forests 21 



silvk'ultural standpoint, due to all classes of stock, and to 

 ascertain the season of greatest injury and such other cor- 

 related factors, topographic, climatic, edaphic, or administra- 

 tive, as might be relevant. 



The data was obtained by means of sample plots or 

 quadrats of varying size according to location. In order to 

 include a variety of conditions, it was the aim to establish a 

 large number of small plots rather than a small number of 

 large ones. Within the plot every seedling and sapling was 

 examined for injuries and the character and year of the 

 damage was noted. P^urther, the reproduction was classified 

 according to height growth. Plants six inches and less in 

 height were placed in the seedling class while those over six 

 inches were called saplings. The latter were divided into 

 five classes, Class 1 constituting the 1-foot height, i.e., from 

 approximately 6 to 18 inches, etc. Height records were thus 

 taken in six classes, viz., from 6 inches to 5 feet. In addition 

 to the notes recorded pertaining to injuries, a number of 

 saplings grazed in varying degrees of seriousness were photo- 

 graphed with the idea of rephotographing in situ from time 

 to time to show the possibilities of recovery from the different 

 mechanical abuses. 



Virtually all the lands within the Shasta Forest boundary 

 support timber species. The main zone (2,000 to 6,000 feet) 

 is composed of a mixture in varying proportions of Western 

 Yellow Pine, Sugar Pine, Douglas Fir, Incense Cedar and 

 White Fir, named in their order of local importance. In the 

 lower limits of this zone, and extending more or less sparingly 

 to an altitude of about 4,000 feet, occur several species of oak. 

 Immediately above the Yellow-Sugar Pine and Cedar zone 

 occur the Lodgepole Pine and Red Fir. 



In all, 37 quadrats were plotted covering a total sur- 

 i'ace of 27,051 square feet ; 13 plots having a total of 11,151 

 square feet were established on cattle ranges, 17 plots having 

 11,170 square feet on sheep lands, and 7 plots with a total 

 of 4730 square feet on goat ranges. 



For the purpose of making detailed studies as to the 

 invasion and succession of timber species on lands exempt from 

 foraging animals, and to obtain comparative data on this mat- 

 ter on the open range, a few plots have been established on 



