88 Forest Club Annual 



In construction of roads, stumps and rocks should be re- 

 moved by using powder or dynamite as it is much cheaper 

 than by .manual labor, because much time would be unneces- 

 sarily wasted in grubbing out stumps. All work possible 

 si uiild be done by teams, since hand grading in construction 

 of roads is very expensive on account of the large amount of 

 material to be removed. In building single tra,ck roads, 

 turn-outs should be built about 50 feet in length so that ve- 

 hicles can pass each other. The length of the intervals be- 

 tween turn-outs would depend entirely upon the amount of 

 travel expected on the road. In grading there should be more 

 fills than cuts, because fills will drain better. In rock work 

 the walls should slant away from the road so that debris will 

 not be continually dropping down. 



Drainage is an important item in road building. On level 

 ground both sides should be ditched to a depth of about 1 foot 

 and a width at the top from 2 to 3 feet. On hillsides the road 

 should slope toward the hill with a ditch on the inner side. 

 Jn swampy places a ditch 2 feet deep and 2 feet wide should 

 be put on each side and a fairly high crown left in the center 

 if possible. 



SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF TRAIL BUILDING. 



A few examples of trail building and the methods used 

 have been obtained from different regions. There is no uni- 

 form system of keeping accounts for construction work of 

 this kind in the Forest Service, and consequently the system 

 of giving the cost varies with nearly every example. On ac- 

 count of this variation it is almost impossible to compare the 

 cost of the different operations of construction in the various 

 regions. 



Kootenai National Forest, Montana. 



The figures are general for trails on this forest. Crew of 

 10 men with five pack horses. 1 foreman, 3 axmen, 1 cook, 

 2 sawyers, 1 packer, 2 graders. 



Equipment, besides regular camp equipment; 



1 grindstone, 1 rock hammer, 1 cross-cut saw, 1 peavy, 1 set 

 of saw-sharpening tools, 5 chopping axes, 2 mattocks, 2 shovels, 

 1 pick. 



When rock work was done the following additional equip- 



