102 Forest Club Annual 



growing tips killed by the larvae of this moth. Other young 

 pines examined did not show as much damage, but at least the 

 terminal shoot had been killed; lateral shoots develop from the 

 base of the killed tip, which tend to give the tree a very stunted 

 appearance. This moth affects seedlings over practically the 

 entire Western Yellow Pine type of this region. 



GRAZING. 



Grazing is one of the most important factors affecting re- 

 productior in this region. The amount of damage varies with 

 the class of stock and the abundance of forage and of repro- 

 duction. Sheep do considerable damage to all seedlings under 

 four feet in height. If they browse off the leaders early in the 

 grazing season the seedlings will often recover and make a 

 new growth that year, but the greatest amount of damage is 

 done in the late summer and fall when the forage has been 

 closely grazed. Cattle do very little damage unless they are in 

 great numbers, as in holding pastures that are heavily grazed, 

 or near watering places. It is found that more damage is done 

 to reproduction on areas that have poor stands of forage. The 

 amount of reproduction is very important because where it is 

 dense damage is negligible; but on areas in the limestone soil 

 type, that were heavily logged and since burned over several 

 times, the reproduction is scarce, and practically every plant had 

 ' its terminal shoot and most of its lateral shoots destroyed, either 

 by grazing or by the tip moth. Under such conditions it is 

 utterly impossible for a seedling to gain any headway. Many 

 seedlings between 5 and 15 years old were examined and found 

 to be less than a foot in height because they had been injured 

 by having the terminal shoot eaten off practically every year. 



Climate and soil are two of the most important natural fac- 

 tors affecting reproduction. They will be discussed in connec- 

 tion with other parts of the article. 



REFORESTATION. 



Artificial reforestation is necessary on the heavily logged 

 areas in the Western Yellow Pine type, and on the old burns in 

 the Transition type. Three methods of reforestation, namely, 

 seed spot sowing, broadcasting, and planting are being tried in 

 the two forest types. 



Seed spot sowing was tried in the Western Yellow Pine 

 type on a brush scattered area. This area is located in the vol- 



