Jordan and Evermann. Fishes of North America. 1039 



enlarged, but the most of them not caducous nor especially spinous. 

 Gill membranes a little connected. Color dark olive above, with black- 

 ish markings ; sides with vertical bars, somewhat diamond-shaped, but 

 quite narrow ; these acute above and below, more or less confluent along 

 the middle, about 12 in number; the bands dark greenish, varying to jet 

 black, most distinct near the middle of the body and broadest behind ; 

 inner half of each of the vertical fins black ; outer half more or less 

 speckled and barred ; top of head black, a black band through eye and 

 snout, and a dark vertical shade below the eye ; a small black spot 

 between 2 smaller ones at base of caudal fin ; no red nor blue. Length 6 

 inches. South Carolina to Louisiana in the larger clear streams ; common 

 in the Alabama Basin ; one of the largest of the darters, its form heavy, 

 more like that of a typical perch, (niger, black; fasciatus, banded.) 



Hadropterus nigro fasciatus, AGASSIZ, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xvn, 1854, 305, Mobile, 



Alabama; JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 506. 

 Plesioperca anceps, VAILLANT, Recherches sur Etheostom., 37, plate 1, fig. 3, 1873; no locality 



given. 

 Alvordius spillmani, HAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 491, Chickasawha River, Mississippi. 



(Type, No. 27432. Coll. Hay.) 

 Etheostoma nigrofasciatum, VAILLANT, Recherches, 69, 1873; BOULENGER, Cat., i, 80. 



467. HYPOHOMUS, Cope. 



Hypoliomus, COPE, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 449, (aurantiacus). 

 Swainia, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (squamatus). 



This genus contains darters closely allied both to Hadropterus and to 

 Etheostoma (Nothonotus). From the former they are separated by the non- 

 differentiation of the ventral scales, the belly being covered with small, 

 persistent scales like those on the sides. From Etheostoma, Hypohomus is 

 distinguished chiefly by the larger anal fin, more depressed cranium, and 

 more separated ventrals. The relation in both cases is very close. Species 

 of large size and usually showy coloration. (VTU, below; d/ub^, uniform.) 



SWAINIA*: 



a. Gill membranes broadly united across the isthmus; scales very small; snout long and slender, 

 the mouth long and narrow. 



b. Color olivaceous, with dark lateral blotches; a black humeral scale; fins with orange; 



head 3 in length; depth 5%; cheek and opercles scaly. SQUAMATUS, 1429. 



HYPOHOMUS: 

 aa. Gill membranes scarcely connected; snout moderately produced. 



c. Opercles and breast scaly. 



d. Scales very small, about 85; dorsal rays XV, 15; color yellow, with dark lateral 



shades. AURANTIACUS, 1430. 



dd. Scales moderate, about 66; dorsal rays about XIII, 13; color greenish, with a dark 



wavy lateral band, bordered above and below by pale; a dark spot at base of 



caudal. CYMATOTJENIA, 1431. 



cc. Opercles and breast naked; cheeks nearly so; dorsal rays about XII, 12; color brilliant 



olive, with dark cross bars, the interspaces red in the male. 



e. Scales about 74; lateral line complete. NIANGU.*:, 1432. 



ee. Scales about 60; lateral line incomplete. SPILOTUS, 1433. 



* Named for Dr. Joseph Swain, President of the University of Indiana, and discoverer of the 

 typical species. 



