48 NATIONAL FOEEST MANUAL TIMBER SALES. 



charitable, but as a rule, young, thrifty, full-crowned trees, which will 

 yield good lumber in the future, will be chosen. In mixed forests 

 seed trees should be of the more valuable species, but poorer species 

 are better than none. In situations where logging is difficult, the 

 possibility of logging individual trees will be considered. 



Where partial reproduction is present, fewer seed trees should be left 

 than where there are no seedlings. If there is danger that fire will 

 run over the area, enough trees will be left to seed the ground fully, 

 whether reproduction is present or not. Large openings will not 

 be made where the future forest will suffer. A number of seed trees 

 will always be left on the edge of openings, such as old burns, on the 

 side from which the prevailing winds blow. Ridges should be marked 

 very conservatively. Isolated, thrifty trees of desirable species 

 should not be marked. 



It is best to first decide which trees should be left, and then mark 

 the trees to be removed. Where there is doubt whether a tree is 

 needed for seed or protection, it should be retained. Defective trees 

 of doubtful merchantable value should ordinarily be marked. Cor- 

 rect marking can only be determined after a careful study of local 

 types and species. 



In dense stands of even-aged timber, particularly of species liable 

 ... to wind throw, clear cutting may be the only prac- 



Clean cutting. i i .LI IT i 



ticable method. In such cases, compact groups or 

 patches of timber, of sufficient size to be wind firm should be left at 

 frequent intervals to insure restocking. The areas cut clean should 

 never be so large as to endanger complete reseeding from the patches 

 of timber which will remain. The latter should be located as far as 

 practicable upon the higher ground and other points favorable to 

 wide distribution of seed. 



It is usually advisable for a Forest officer thoroughly familiar with 



the principles which have been followed in the original 



Check marking. V . r , -, , , . IP , -\ 



marking, to check the marking before the sawyers 

 and loggers have left any area, in order to mark any trees which w r ere 

 obviously overlooked, or, better still, just before operations have 

 reached an area, in order also to cancel the marks on trees which 

 should be left. 



Witness trees, or any trees blazed to mark the fine of any official 

 witness and line Government survey, will never be marked or other- 

 trees< wise designated for cutting. 



The policy in regard to cutting timber on claims, on pages 38 and 

 Timber on claims. 39, will be observed in marking. 



BRUSH DISPOSAL. 



The best way to dispose of brush is not everywhere the same. 

 Piling and burning will be required where the fire risk is great, other- 

 wise the method promising the best silvicultural results. 



If piling and burning is necessary, all lops and debris, including 

 piling large chips made from hewing ties, will be piled at a 



safe distance from standing trees. The piles will 

 not be made in groups of seedlings or young growth, against dead 

 snags, near living trees, or on stumps, large tops or logs, but when- 

 ever possible in openings. Piles should be adapted to the size of 



