FOR ARCTIC EXPLORERS. 285 



expert in throwing stones with the hand ; and if so, how far can they 

 throw with accuracy and force, and for what purpose do they throw 

 stones? Is the bow drawn to the shoulder or the chest? is it held 

 h> »rizontally or vertically? Are the women trained to the use of 

 weapons? What are the varieties of the weapons employed in 

 different tribes and what is the cause of variation? to what extent 

 do the weapons vary in form in each tribe ? Have they anything 

 resembling a standard, or state halbard, or fetish for war purposes, 

 as suggested by Capt. Beeehey ? (Careful drawings and collections 

 of all the varieties of weapons are very necessary.) To what extent 

 have the natives abandoned their ancient arms, and taken to those 

 of civilised nations introduced among them ? Do they readily adopt 

 European weapons? 



3. Leaders and Discipline. — How are their leaders appointed ? are 

 they identical with the chiefs and Angekos? have they any marks 

 or distinctions of dress (with drawings) ? are they the strongest and 

 most courageous ? have they any rewards for warlike achievements ? 

 have they any subordinate leaders, and how are they appointed ? 

 have the chiefs any aids or runners to carry messages? What kind 

 of discipline is preserved ? Have they any punishments for offences 

 in war? what is the function of the women in war? are any of the 

 adult males reserved from war for employment in other duties that 

 are necessary for the trihe, and if so, how is that arranged ? 



4. Fortifications and Outposts. — Have they any intrenchments, 

 earth, or snow works or defensive pits, as described by Capt. Beeehey, 

 and if so, give plans and sections of them drawn to scale ? Do they 

 employ pitfalls in war or the chase, and if so, give plans and sections ? 

 Have they any knowledge of forming inundations for defensive pur- 

 poses ? Have they any use of stakes for defence, or stockades, or 

 abatis? Do they employ caltraps (small spikes of wood fixed into 

 the ground to wound the feet) ? Do they ever build on raised piles 

 for defence, as is practised in some parts of the N.W. Coast? Do 

 they occupy isolated positions, or hills, or promontories for the 

 defence of their villages ? Do they fortify their villages or have 

 they other strong places to resort to in case of attack which are not 

 usually inhabited? Have they scouts and outposts, and are they 

 arranged on any kind of regular system ? Have they any special 

 signals for war? do they employ special men on these duties? 



5. Supply. — How do they supply themselves during war? does 

 each man provide for himself or is there any general arrangement, 

 and under what management? Are their proceedings much ham- 

 pered by the difficulty of supply? How do they carry their food, 

 water, and baggage ? 



fj. Cdn.ii 6 and Effects of War.— What are the chief causes of war'.- 



