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is necessary, and they must be plunged. 

 They may be made at any period, except- 

 ing whilst the plants are growing. Some 

 cultivators put out long straight pieces 

 of the citron (which is easiest to propa- 

 gate) of two or three years' growth, and 

 as soon as they are rooted they graft 

 them. 



Layers root with facility, but do not 

 make such fine plants. 



Grafting. There are various ways of 

 performing this operation, dependent 

 much on the size and character of the 

 stock. Some graft the young seedlings 

 which were sown in early spring ; these, 

 by bottom heat and high culture, are 

 rendered fit for this operation in about 

 four or five months. No clay is used in 

 this delicate operation, but a little fine 

 moss. Some cut off the head of the 

 stock, and crown-graft; others attach 

 the graft to the growing shoot, as in 

 ordinary whip-grafting. Budding is also 

 practised by some cultivators. 



Inarching has sometimes been prac- 

 tised by inarching several plants on one 

 large stock, in order to form a head 

 speedily. 



Stocks. The citron has been mostly 

 preferred ; the shaddock, however, makes 

 a robust stock. M'Intosh seems to re- 

 commend sowing any ordinary seeds 

 from such fruit indeed as have rotted in 

 the warehouses from which he has had 

 complete success. 



Seeds. The mode of rearing them 

 thus is simple enough. A light rich soil 

 and a lively bottom heat, with a some- 

 what close atmosphere, will produce 

 plants eighteen inches high in a few 

 months. 



Soil and Culture. All the family love 

 a generous soil. One half a free, yet 

 rich loam, and the other half composed 

 of leaf-mould, old cow-manure, and 

 sandy heath soil, will grow them in high 

 perfection ; adding a little sand and some 

 charred materials. Care must be taken 

 to use the turfy loam in lumps, and to 

 drain well ; indeed all the materials 

 should be somewhat coarse. They re- 

 quire liberal watering, and it must, when 

 given, penetrate the whole mass of soil. 

 They enjoy liquid manure occasionally. 

 They are not only grown in pots or tubs, 

 but planted out as trees, and against 



walls and trellises ; and they are equally 

 adapted for all these modes of culture. 

 Span-roofed houses would be highly 

 eligible for them as standards ; and the 

 sides and ends being portable, might be 

 removed in summer. The citron family 

 are impatient of intense sunshine, being 

 for the most part natives of woods ; a 

 slight amount of shading, therefore, be- 

 comes occasionally necessary. The tem- 

 perature during winter especially in 

 houses with opaque roofs must be very 

 moderate : 48 to 50, by means of fire 

 heat, is quite sufficient. As light in- 

 creases with a returning spring, the ther- 

 mometer may be permitted to advance a 

 little. In light houses, a thermometer 

 of 50 to 55 will do no injury ; here, 

 however, shading will at times be requi- 

 site. 



Fruit, uses, S$c. Besides forming, in 

 its natural state, one of the adjuncts of 

 the modern dessert, these fruits are used 

 in a variety of forms, both in confec- 

 tionary, sweetmeats, and liqueurs. Thus, 

 the Seville, bizarade, or bitter orange, 

 having a very bitter rind, is used for 

 marmalade, bitter tinctures, candied 

 peel, and for flavouring cura9oa. The 

 bizarades are the kinds used principally 

 for the production of cut blossoms by 

 the French gardeners. The Bergamot 

 has a pear-like fragrance ; from this the 

 perfumer obtains his bergamot essences. 

 The Lime is used in flavouring punch 

 and confectionary. The Shaddock has a 

 cooling and refreshing juice, and the 

 fruit is a splendid addition, in appear- 

 ance, to the dessert. The Lemon is too 

 well known to need comment. The 

 Citron is used for sweetmeats, lemonade, 

 and to flavour negus and punch. 



Diseases. We are not aware of any- 

 thing which may be strictly termed a dis- 

 ease of this genus. A black fungus is 

 frequently found on the leaf, having the 

 appearance of soot, and perhaps arguing 

 a corrupt atmosphere through a too closo 

 confinement. This must be cleaned away 

 by a sponge with warm water. 



Insects. The aphis and the scale (coc- 

 cus) are amongst its principal enemies. 

 The former may at all times be readily 

 destroyed by fumigation ; the latter may 

 be rubbed off by means of sponge bound 

 on a stick, frequently dipping the sponge 



