FUC 



[ 406 ] 



FUG 



of those having the habit of the old 

 coccinea, virgata, conica, gracilis, globosa, 

 &c., are well-fitted for flower-garden 

 purposes; requiring no attention, but 

 cutting them down after the first frost, 

 and covering the stools with moss, 

 coal ashes, or other litter, to exclude 

 the frost; removing it in April, and 

 thinning the shoots in May. When it 

 is desirable to keep such kinds as coc- 

 cinea as dwarf as globosa, raising the 

 plants out of the ground in May, and 

 shaking the soil from them before 

 transplanting them, will be effectual. 

 This, also, furnishes a good means for 

 increasing the stock. Good stout cut- 

 tings of the stems, planted at the end 

 of October, in the open ground, will 

 furnish nice little plants in spring, if 

 the ground is covered with moss or 

 litter ; for though what is above ground 

 will be killed, what is below the moss 

 will be safe. Those likefulgens in their 

 habit, must be kept dry if left out ; it 

 is better to take them up and house 

 them in a shed where frost will not 

 reach them. Standards of any kinds 

 for the lawn maybe thus inserted in 

 dry earth in a shed, and transplanted 

 again in April or May. Most of the 

 hybrids will stand the winter in the 

 open garden, and push strongly in the 

 spring, if, in addition to being kept 

 from frost, they are also kept dry. 

 Though thus endurant of cold, they 

 will, also, stand a high temperature 

 and a moist atmosphere when growing, 

 and, in these circumstances, grow with 

 great rapidity. F. corymbljlora must 

 have the wood well ripened, and not be 

 pruned too close. Spectabilis and serra- 

 tifolia are late blowers, and must be 

 treated accordingly. All sorts in pots 

 look best trained to a sinple stem. 



FUEL is no small item in the annual 

 expenditure of the stove, greenhouse, 

 and conservatory departments, and 

 therefore deserves consideration. The 

 cheapest of all fuel is the breeze, or 

 small coke, procurable at gas-works. 



The heating quality of the different 

 coals known in Great Britain are in the 

 following proportions : 



Scotch Cannel 100 



Lancashire Wigan .... 100 

 Yorkshire Cannel .... 188 



Newcastle (best Wallsend) . 100 

 Gloucestershire (Forest of 



Dean) 108 



Welsh (common) .... 25 

 Hence, if the Scotch Cannel coal 

 cost 10s., when the Gloucestershire 

 could be had for 10s. per chaldron, the 

 latter would be no cheaper; for the 

 heating powers of the first is as 100 to 

 108 of the latter. In other words, 

 108 chaldrons of Scotch would afford 

 as much heat as 100 chaldrons of 

 Staffordshire. 



The following are the quantities of 

 the fuels named, required to heat eight 

 gallons of water, from 52 to 112 : 



Tfes. 

 Caking coals 1.2 



Splint or hard coal . , 



Cannel coal j- 



Cherry or soft coal . . .. 1.5 

 Wood of lime 3.10 



beech 3.1fi 



elm 3.52 



oak (chips) . . . 4.20 



ash 3.50 



maple ..... 3.00 



service 3. 



cherry 3.20 



. fir 3.52 



poplar 3.10 



hornbeam .... 3.37 



Peat (average, not compressed) 7.(5 

 Charcoal of wood .... 1.52 



peat 3.28 



It is essential to good and profitable 



fuel that it should be free from moisture ; 

 for unless it be dry, much of the heat 

 which it generates is consumed in 

 converting that moisture into vapour : 

 hence the superior value of old dense, 

 dry wood, to that which is porous and 

 damp. A pound of dry will heat thirty- 

 five pounds of water from 32 to 212 ; 

 but a pound of the same wood in a 

 moist or fresh state, will not similarly 

 heat more than twenty-five pounds. 

 The value, therefore, of different woods 

 for fuel is nearly inversely, as their 

 moisture : and this may be readily as- 

 certained by finding how much a pound 

 weight of the shavings of each loses by 

 drying during two hours, at a tempera- 

 ture of 212. 



FUGO'SIA. (Named after Bernard 

 Cien-Fueyos, a Spanish botanist; Nat. 



