TUL 



[ 897 ] 



TUB 



two rollers of wood, of the length of 

 the structure. On eacli of these, nail 

 a sheet of canvass, of sufficient width to 

 drop clown on each side nearly to the 

 ground. On the top, at the centre, fix 

 a pair of weather hoards, projecting 

 high enough to allow the roller and 

 canvass to go under them, one on each 

 side. This will preserve the canvass 

 from rotting, and so enable it to be 

 used for several years. 



TULIP-TUBE. Liriode'ndron. 



TU'NICA. (From tunica, a coat; the 

 calyx. Nat.'ord., Cloveworts [Caryophyl- 

 lacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 2-Digynia. 

 Allied to Dianthus.) 



Hardy herbaceous plants, blooming in July. 

 Seeds, in spring, and division of the plants ; 

 rich light soil. 

 T. dianthoi'des (Pink-like). Red. Candia. 1838. 



Illy'rica (Illyrian). Red. Sicily. 1838. 



pachyno'ta (thick-backed). White. Natolia. 



1838. 



Saxifra'ga (Saxifrage). . Pink. Germany. 



1774. 



stri'cta (erect). Pink. Altaia. 1834. 



TU'PA. (The name of one of the 

 species in Chili. Nat. ord., Loleliads 

 [Lobeliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 

 Monogynia. Allied to Lobelia.) 



Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings, 

 but chiefly by division of the suckers that 

 spring up after the flowering stalks are cut 

 down ; rich sandy loam. When planted out in 

 a bed, the surface may be dressed with advan- 

 tage with rotten dung. Unless in a very shel- 

 tered place, they require the protection of a 

 cold pit, or a greenhouse, in winter ; and to 

 flourish well, they should be divided, and potted, 

 and assisted with a little heat in a bed, before 

 planting out in May. Lobelia Cavanillesiana 

 is united to this genus. 

 T. argu'ta. Yellow. September. Chili. 1824. 



blu'ndu (charming). 3. Pink. Chili. 



Feui'llei. Scarlet. September. Chili. 1824. 



polyphy'lla (many-leaved). Purple. August. 



Valparaiso. 1832. 



purpu'rea. Purple. August. Valparaiso. 1825. 



salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved). 6. Red. Octo- 



ber. Valparaiso. J794. 



secu'nda (side-flowering). . White. May. 



Cape of Good Hope. 17Q4. 



TURF may be obtained either by 

 sowing grass seeds, or laying turf 

 obtained from a common or down; 

 if the latter mode can be adopted, it 

 is the best, as the turf is obtained at 

 once, and is more regular than can be 

 obtained under the best circumstances 

 from seed. All the preparation of the 

 soil required is to dig it level, a spade 

 deep, provided the subsoil is open, 

 57 



otherwise to have a good drainage 

 effected (see Draining) ; to have all 

 large stones removed from the surface, 

 and to have it brought to a perfect 

 level by repeated rollings, and filling 

 up the hollows Avhen necessary, as in- 

 dicated by the level. The surface being 

 then loosened by raking is ready for 

 the seed or turf. 



By Seed. See Grass. 



By Turf. The season for laying turf 

 is any time from September till April or 

 May, though it will grow at almost any 

 time of the year, even if there is occa- 

 sion to lay it in summer, and dry weather 

 succeed ; for although it will open at 

 the joints, and turn brown, as if dead, 

 yet after the first rain it will close 

 again, and resume its verdure. The 

 turf for this use is cut with an iron 

 instrument called a turfin'g iron, ob- 

 serving to cut the pieces all an equal 

 width, length, and thickness the 

 proper size is a foot wide, a yard long, 

 and about an inch thick ; they should 

 be first marked by line, the proper 

 width, length, and depth, with a racer 

 or rutter. Racing them first longwise 

 a foot wide, then across in yard lengths ; 

 then proceed to cut them up, having 

 particular regard to cut them level, and 

 equal in thickness, otherwise it will be 

 impossible to lay them level. As you 

 cut, a man or boy should roll each turf 

 up close and tight, the grass side 

 inwards, and pile them up by tens, 

 especially if they are cut by the hun- 

 dred. If they are cut by the hundred, 

 the price is from sixpence to a shilling, 

 according to the nature of the soil, 

 whether soft and easy to cut, or hard 

 or stony; a man will cut from three 

 to five, six, or seven hundred in a day, 

 or more, if very soft easy-cutting turf, 

 and having a person to race them out 

 and roll them up turf and turf as they 

 are cut. They are to be laid regularly, 

 turf and turf, unrolling them as you 

 lay them, joining them up quite close 

 edge to edge, making good all defi- 

 ciency of broken parts as you go on ; 

 and, as soon as laid, it should be well 

 beaten with broad heavy wooden beat- 

 ers, made of flat pieces of elm or oak 

 plank, two inches thick, fifteen or 

 eighteen inches long, and a foot broad, 

 3 M 



