102 THE CREED OF SCIENCE, RELIGIOUS AND MORAL. 



to his fellows appeared earlier than -the feeling of fear 

 and hostility, which Hobbes assumed, without proof, to 

 be the primitive natural feeling in man. But it must be 

 admitted that the friendly feeling was strictly confined to 

 members of the tribe, and was compatible with hostility 

 to all outside competing tribes, together with aversion to 

 all their individual members. The researches of Lubbock, 

 Tylor, and others, reveal to us the primitive man, not in 

 the state of solitary isolation, where fear and distrust of 

 others would indeed be the natural feeling, but in com- 

 munities of more or less size and coherence, inside the 

 circle of which a certain amount of sociability and 

 mutual confidence existed, while the feelings of repulsion 

 and of hostility, and sometimes of fear, were only roused 

 by the outside tribes, the possible competitors for food 

 and possessions. 



6. The feeling of liking for the average man as 

 such, merely on the ground of his common humanity, of 

 his being one ,.of the same species linked in a common 

 "brotherhood, is a product of much later evolution; a 

 sentiment developed in the course of civilization, which 

 owes much of whatever strength it possesses to the in- 

 culcations of the great religions, and in particular to 

 those of Christianity. But this sentiment has never 

 been very deep or general ; is liable even where it really 

 exists, to be set aside or temporarily extinguished by 

 various antagonistic principles ; and has never yet really 

 extended to all men and nations with the same degree of 

 force. It is true, in modern times there have appeared 

 philanthropists who professedly love their species as such, 

 and who have laboured in its behalf; yet these estimable 

 and distinguished men have usually not come into pro- 

 longed or close contact with many individual specimens 

 of their kind an experience which might have severely 



