158 Modern Riding and Horse Education 



low at first. If the jump is fairly long the in- 

 structor will soon find wings unnecessary: I shall 

 have more to say on this subject in the section 

 devoted to horse-training. It will, however, not 

 be out of place here to mention that there is very 

 little refusing where horses are jumped without 

 reins. Animals that have been accustomed to sup- 

 porting their riders by the reins will rush a little 

 at first, but on recovering from their astonishment 

 at finding that the exercise no longer involves a 

 severe jerk in the mouth, they will — unless they 

 are very stale — neither refuse nor rush, especially 

 if they are fed after the first fence or two. 



If only one pupil is under instruction, let him be 

 longed over on a single rein, when a man on either 

 side should run along with the horse after the jump, 

 to avoid bringing him round on the curve after land- 

 ing, which would increase the rider's difificulties. 



With a ride of several pupils, and with fairly 

 handy horses, a jump can be put at each side of the 

 school, and the horses allowed to go round over 

 them in single file at suitable intervals ; but in an 

 out-door manege, where the restraining effect of 

 the four walls is absent, it is easier to put the jumps 



